国外毒品相关犯罪防控的社会政策及评价

毒品引发的犯罪问题已经引起国际社会广泛关注,各国出台了各种措施防控毒品引发的犯罪,基本形成了一套普遍性和针对性相结合的社会政策体系。本文总结区分3个层次:针对社会整体状况及一般公民的普遍性预防政策、针对极有可能成为毒品相关犯罪的受害者或犯罪者的特定防控政策以及针对参与过毒品相关犯罪人群的专项防控政策;并以此为线索系统梳理评价政策实施效果的相关理论和实证研究成果,为我国制定相关政策提供相关启示和借鉴。     

Extrapolative simulation of neighborhood networks based on population spatial distribution: Do they predict crime?

Objectives

Previous criminological scholarship has posited that network ties among neighborhood residents may impact crime rates, but has done little to consider the specific ways in which network structure may enhance or inhibit criminal activity. A lack of data on social ties has arguably led to this state of affairs. We propose to avoid this limitation by demonstrating a novel approach of extrapolatively simulating network ties and constructing structural network measures to assess their effect on neighborhood crime rates.

Methods

We first spatially locate the households of a city into their constituent blocks. Then, we employ spatial interaction functions based on prior empirical work and simulate a network of social ties among these residents. From this simulated network, we compute network statistics that more appropriately capture the notions of cohesion and information diffusion that underlie theories of networks and crime.

Results

We show that these network statistics are robust predictors of the levels of crime in five separate cities (above standard controls) at the very micro geographic level of blocks and block groups.

Conclusions

We conclude by considering extensions of the approach that account for homophily in the formation of network ties.     

Gender,Nation, Rape: Bosnia and the Construction of Security

The mass rapes in Bosnia brought gendered security problems onto the international agenda to an unprecedented extent. This article examines the debate surrounding whether these rapes should be characterized as a security problem which warranted international attention and possibly intervention. This debate evolved around the question whether wartime rape should be understood as an individual risk or a collective security problem;and whether it should be defined in national or in gendered terms. The empirical part of the article analyses the three dominant representations of the Bosnian mass rapes: 'rape as normal/Balkan warfare' argued that rape did not constitute a collective security problem and the international community had therefore no reason or responsibility to intervene; the "rape as exceptional/Serbian warfare" representation read the rapes through national lenses and argued that the international community should intervene militarily in defence of the Bosnian government; and the third representation, "Balkan patriarchy", claimed the privileged of a gendered reading of the rapes, the conflict in Bosnian should, according to this discourse, be understood as involving women on the one side and the patriarchal nationalistic leaderships on the other. The article concludes that the political impact of each of the representations is difficult to assess, but that the willingness of the International Crime Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to pursue rape-related indictments constitutes an important step towards the recognition of wartime rape as a collective security problem.     

废除“嫖宿幼女罪”的研究综述

2008年至2012年在十一届全国人大和全国政协两会期间,多名代表先后提出废除嫖宿幼女罪的议案及提案,引起了社会的强烈反响,之后,该问题遂成为公众议论与关注的焦点,学术界也对之展开了热烈的探讨。为了推进对这一问题的深入研究,很有必要回顾嫖宿幼女罪出台的法律依据和历史背景,考察和分析嫖宿幼女罪的文献和课题研究及网上争论,以及嫖宿幼女罪在法律上存在的弊端,以促进法律体系的不断完善,保证女性在法律上的权利,更好地保护幼女的身心健康,全面促进社会和谐发展。     

灵魂的追问 ———试论陀思妥耶夫斯基的创作

陀斯妥耶夫斯基的作品侧重于表现苦难及苦难之中人的追求与犯罪。并把宗教信仰看作是解决问题的根本途径。他的创作尤其是代表作《罪与罚》和《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》都贯穿着浓厚的宗教思想,触及人类的灵魂深处。     

再论被告人承担客观证明责任——以我国刑法规定的持有型犯罪为例

刑法上,被告人在特定个罪中针对特定事项承担客观证明责任,宏观上体现了国家针对特定法益趋于严厉的刑事政策选择和保护,微观上通过明确特定个罪的犯罪构成要件具体得以实施,这在持有型犯罪的刑事立法中表现尤为明显.从证明角度来看,要真正体现持有犯需要的周延特定法益保护、严密刑事法网和严格刑事责任的刑事政策功能定位,只能由被告人证明持有特定物品行为并不会对特定法益造成可能的侵害结果,这是被告人在该类犯罪中要承担客观证明责任的刑法根据.被告人的客观证明责任是一种提示国家刑事政策风向的技术性装置.     

光绪末年司法统计中的女性犯罪

清朝末年,女性犯罪统计受到了一定的重视,展现了这一时期女性法律地位的变化及社会变迁带给女性的影响。法部第二次统计中,女性犯罪的人数、类别均具有了一定的规模。刑罚以笞杖为主,多数刑罚可以收赎,特别是通过秋朝审等形式,女性犯罪可以得到相应的援免,真正入监的女犯并不多。     

流浪青少年犯罪的社会回归浅析

流浪青少年罪犯,作为我国犯罪团体中最为特殊的群体,在我国的犯罪中所占的比例越来越高,也越来越引起全社会的关注。本文在分析流浪青少年犯罪成因的基础上,对流浪青少年的社会回归,特别是社区矫正方法做了积极的探讨。     

论朱熹的犯罪学说与和谐社会

中国古代犯罪学说历史悠久,内涵丰富。早在先秦时期诸子百家就已建构了包括犯罪根源剖析和犯罪预防措施两者紧密结合的犯罪学说体系。朱熹继承前贤思想理论,结合南宋的社会现实,深入分析了当时犯罪频发的根源主要是个人私欲和社会弊端,并且有针对性的提出了预防犯罪的具体措施。朱熹犯罪学说对今天和谐社会的构建有重要的历史借鉴意义。     

徇私枉法罪行为构造研析

正确界定徇私枉法罪的客观行为对于司法实务中正确理解和把握该罪尤为重要。首先,关于“对明知是无罪的人而使他受追诉”,是指在没有或缺少事实和证据的基础上对无罪的人进行立案侦查、采取刑事强制措施、提起公诉以及进行审判等,以达到追究其刑事责任的目的。其次,关于“对明知是有罪的人而故意包庇不使他受追诉”,是指对“有证据证明有犯罪事实需要追究刑事责任的人,包括犯罪嫌疑人和被告人”,通过对犯罪的证据和事实施加直接影响以达到不使其受追诉这种枉法的目的。再次,除作为外,不作为可以构成徇私枉法罪。