Neighborhood poverty and children’s exposure to danger: Examining gender differences in impacts of the Moving to Opportunity experiment

The Moving to Opportunity (MTO) program offered public housing residents in distressed communities a chance to move to low-poverty neighborhoods. The present study examined whether the resulting decline in neighborhood poverty led to lower levels of exposure to danger among children and youth ages 8-19 years old (n = 4606), and specifically, if there was a gender difference that matched the pattern of more beneficial program effects for girls and more adverse affects for boys. The study goes beyond previous research by using fixed effects to control for family factors that may influence moving behavior and confound estimates of gender differences in program impacts. Results showed that children experienced a decline in exposure to danger, with one key gender difference. Models based on brother-sister comparisons indicated that MTO had a more beneficial impact on exposure to drug activity for females than males. The findings suggest that neighborhood poverty is tied to children’s exposure to danger. Moreover, exposure to drug activity may help explain the gender differences in impacts on children’s mental health and risky behavior.     

Conducting evaluation in contested terrain: challenges, methodology and approach in an American context

Using case examples, the author describes circumstances under which violence and conflict, overt and covert, have impinged on his evaluation field work. When fear is pervasive, it constrains people's ability and willingness to participate in an evaluation and their candor if they do. It can also be dangerous. Safety and well-being of participants and researchers in his view take priority over the evaluation's goals. Evaluation involving people who are survivors of violence, torture and conflict requires special sensitivity and examples are offered of appropriate methodologies. Stakeholders in evaluations presumably have beneficent interest in a program's success. However in conflict situations ‘malevolent’ stakeholders, who standing to gain from a project's failure, will actively try to thwart it. Undermining the evaluation as well and impugning the evaluator's objectivity, skill, knowledge and credibility are among the tactics they employ. Evaluators are urged to stay attuned to field conditions, consider alternative methods and locations for collecting data and be self-conscious and deliberate about how their study and role are defined and understood by contending parties.     

澄清吏治:威慑与预防——以明代监察官职务犯罪立法为例

明代监察官职务犯罪的立法形式呈多元化,即以《大明律》为基点,具体内容散见于令、大诰、条例,以及各类监察法规等不同的法律形式之中,并随时代的发展而变革与调适,这些确曾对澄清明代官僚政治有所贡献。然而,在肯定其制度功能的同时,也应看到其作用的局限性,即与前代诸朝相比,注入了更多的理想化成分,凸显了极为功利性的立法意图。探究历史脉络,应当承认其所遭遇的实践困境,与其法价值的缺失不无缘故。     

论制作、贩卖、传播淫秽物品罪的构成特征

作为节罪名,制作、贩卖、传播淫秽物品罪就是传播淫秽物品的行为。其客体是健康的性风尚、性道德,客观方面是传播淫秽物品,主观方面应以故意为主;主体是一般主体,包括单位和自然人。     

Studying neighborhood crime across different macro spatial scales: The case of robbery in 4 cities

Whereas there is a burgeoning literature focusing on the spatial distribution of crime events across neighborhoods or micro-geographic units in a specific city, the present study expands this line of research by selecting four cities that vary across two macro-spatial dimensions: population in the micro-environment, and population in the broader macro-environment. We assess the relationship between measures constructed at different spatial scales and robbery rates in blocks in four cities: 1) San Francisco (high in micro- and macro-environment population); 2) Honolulu (high in micro- but low in macro-environment population); 3) Los Angeles (low in micro- but high in macro-environment population); 4) Sacramento (low in micro- and macro-environment population). Whereas the socio-demographic characteristics of residents further than ½ mile away do not impact robbery rates, the number of people up to 2.5 miles away are related to robbery rates, especially in the two cities with smaller micro-environment population, implying a larger spatial scale than is often considered. The results show that coefficient estimates differ somewhat more between cities differing in micro-environment population compared to those differing based on macro-environment population. It is therefore necessary to consider the broader macro-environment even when focusing on the level of crime across neighborhoods or micro-geographic units within an area.     

Breaking Bad,Making Good: Notes on a Televisual Tourist Industry

This article explores emerging intersections between the consumption of mediated popular culture and the real and imagined topographies within which those representations are framed. Through an examination of the ‘televisual tourism’ centred around the successful TV series Breaking Bad, we scrutinise the multiple modes of sensorial and embodied travel experience enjoyed by fans of the show as they consume their way around the show’s sites, scenes and tastes in the city of Albuquerque. This exploitation of media textuality through fan tourism is, we suggest, centred upon a carefully managed commodification of crime, criminality and transgression.     

论我国未成年人犯罪的社会根源

我国未成年人作为国家的未来,他们的健康成长直接关系着民族的兴旺和国家的富强。近年来,我国未成年人犯罪案件呈上升趋势,影响未成年人犯罪的社会因素有不良家庭的影响、社会传媒的影响及学校德育教育课本老化,方式陈旧等。我国传统的家庭伦理道德是减少未成年人犯罪,使家庭和谐幸福、社会安定的重要源。      

Unemployment and crime: A neighborhood level panel data approach

Twenty-five years ago, David Cantor and Kenneth Land presented a model of the relationship between unemployment and crime. This model showed the complexity of this seemingly simple relationship. Namely, there are two independent and counteracting effects from unemployment that affect crime: motivation and guardianship. In their analysis, Cantor and Land found that the guardianship effect dominates the motivation effect, but subsequent research has questioned this result. In this paper, the unemployment and crime relationship is tested using a neighborhood level hybrid modeling approach. Such a method allows for the nuances of Cantor and Land’s model to be tested at a fine ecological resolution for the first time. It is found that both motivation and guardianship matter for crime, but at different time frames: motivation matters in the long-run whereas guardianship matters in the short-run, similar to what Cantor and Land hypothesized.     

刑法解释限度理论“关联概念”新辨析

刑法学界并没有认真对待刑法解释限度之理论问题。对于刑法解释限度理论中关联概念的探讨和运用还仅仅停留在抽象性、模糊性的权利话语或道德话语层面,这在很大程度上消减了对刑法解释限度的论证力和合理性,同时也是导致刑法解释限度理论混乱的根本原因。鉴于此,为了深入地厘清解释限度不同理论之关系,有必要对解释限度理论之关联概念进行本源意义上之探究。     

大学生失恋诱发的犯罪危机及其对策分析

大学生恋爱是高校客观存在的普遍现象。有恋爱就有失恋的可能,近年来,大学生因失恋走上犯罪道路的案例不计其数。冲动、不成熟的身心特点使得大学生极易采取过激行为发泄心中愤懑;尚未形成正确世界观、人生观和价值观的大学生们很难周全地考虑问题,预料不到违法犯罪行为的严重后果。倘若帮助大学生树立正确的恋爱认识,增强大学生法律意识,给予他们足够的关爱和引导,相信因失恋而诱发的犯罪危机会逐渐减少,更加和谐、安全的校园环境和社会环境指日可待。