Unpacking internalized racism: teachers of color striving for racially just classrooms

Within racial inequitable educational conditions, students of color in US schools are susceptible to internalizing racism. If these students go on to be teachers, the consequences can be particularly detrimental if internalized racism influences their teaching. Framed in Critical Race Theory, this article investigates the process pre-service teachers of color took in unpacking their internalized racism as they strive for racially just classrooms. In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted with black (four) Latina (four) and Asian American (four) women enrolled in a social justice-oriented urban teacher education program in California. Data revealed that participants in this study: (1) had experienced racism and internalized racism in their K-12 education; (2) had done self-work prior to enrolling in their teacher education program to begin the process of unpacking internalized racism; and (3) felt that critical dialogues about internalized racism within teacher preparation was essential to develop pedagogy that challenges racial inequality. This study adds to the field by taking a cross-racial approach to understanding the struggles of teachers of color with internalized racism in their own lives. It additionally outlines an important process many teachers of color go through to develop racially just classrooms.     

Under the cloak of professionalism: covert racism in teacher education

This study focuses on manifestations of racism and colonialism in teacher education. I build on the theoretical framing of Critical Race Theory and decolonization in order to expose racist and colonial assumptions at the core of teacher education. I highlight in particular the work of covert racism under the cloak of teachers’ professionalism. I focus on what I call ‘professional microaggressions’: subtle forms of racism and colonialism hidden beneath professional definitions. By interviewing graduates of a well-established Indigenous teacher education program in British Columbia, Canada, I examine the mechanisms that still hinder the success of Indigenous teacher candidates in teacher education and in the school system. The study highlights the resilience, resistance, and strategic planning that Indigenous teachers use to challenge the system while advancing their position within it. Lastly, I suggest ways to support Indigenous teacher candidates in teacher education.     

Critical race theory meets posthumanism: lessons from a study of racial resegregation in public schools

Critical race theory (CRT) was used to frame a study of the impact of racial resegregation on students in a public school district. Racism operated in the district at multiple ontological levels – such as interpersonal microaggressions, structural economic arrangements, and discursive processes. CRT provided a rationale for the interdisciplinary approach required to track these different manifestations of racism, while maintaining an emphasis on the material reality of racism. Having its origins in the field of law, however, CRT provided limited guidance for methodological decisions often required in a social scientific study. The author found posthumanist philosophy of science offered guidance for these decisions in a manner that complemented the philosophical and political commitments of CRT. This essay reflects on the advantages this combination of theories offers for the analysis of institutionalized racism. Illustrations are drawn from the study on school resegregation.     

Critical Global Competence and the C3 in Social Studies Education

Research in global education has turned toward global citizenship education and the fostering of a more critical reading of the tenets of “soft” global education laid out over four decades ago in Hanvey's (1976) “An Attainable Global Perspective.” Interested in skill building and informed application of concepts forwarded within critical approaches to global education, this article brings the NCSS C3 inquiry arc together with standards for Global Competence Education within social studies education. Using food insecurity as an example, the conceptualization provided demonstrates how coupling the C3 with the Global Competence standards creates a framework that social studies educators can use to prepare students to participate as informed, responsible, and critically minded change agents within complex and unequal global systems.     

Using Arts Activism and Poetry to Catalyze Human Rights Engagement and Reflection

Human rights are fundamental to our global social work profession, and teaching methods must be developed that truly engage students in taking a human rights approach to their work. This paper presents the process of engaging students in arts activism as a strategy for teaching about human rights in social work, and also discusses the catalyzing power of arts activism and poetry therapy to deepen student reflection on human rights. Students' responses to their involvement with One Million Bones—a global arts activism effort to prevent and remediate mass violence—are presented with commentary and interpretation. In this preliminary study, results indicate that arts activism and poetry therapy can work together to promote reflective engagement with human rights.     

Social Work Training or Social Work Education? An Approach to Curriculum Design

Population ageing, economic circumstances and human behaviour are placing social welfare systems under great strain. In England, extensive reform of the social work profession is taking place. Training curricula are being redesigned in the context of new standards of competence for social workers—the Professional Capabilities Framework (PCF). Students must be equipped on qualifying to address an extensive range of human problems, presenting major challenges to educators. Critical theory suggests an approach to tackle one such challenge—selecting the essential content required for areas of particular practice. Teaching on social work with older people is used to illustrate this. Habermas' theory of cognitive interests highlights the different professional roles served by the social work knowledge base—instrumental, interpretive and emancipatory. Howe's application of sociological theory distinguished four social work roles corresponding to these. It is suggested that curriculum design decisions must enable practitioners to operate in each. When preparing students to work with older people, educators therefore need to include interpretive and emancipatory perspectives, and not construct social work purely as an instrumental response to problems older people present. This approach provides one useful rationale for curriculum design decisions, which is applicable to other areas of practice, and to contexts outside England.     

Zine-Making as a Pedagogical Tool for Transformative Learning in Social Work Education

As a collaborative endeavor between teacher and student, we reflect on the process of creating and sharing social justice oriented zines in our classroom. Zines can be used as a pedagogical tool for awareness, education, empowerment and transformation. Created in the form of self-published work of original and/or appropriated texts and images, zines are usually presented in small booklet format in a variety of ways, from computer-printed text to comics to handwritten text. When shared, they represent a subversive form of media to deconstruct stereotypes and hegemonic representations perpetuated by mainstream media. Through our classroom project, we found that zines provided an opportunity for creative expression, connection and collaboration. As an experiential technique, they can serve to raise student self-awareness and allow for a broader understanding of power hierarchies. As a direct action tool they can be useful for promoting active class participation in the movement for social justice. We advocate for integrating arts-based projects in social work education in order to promote more embodied ways of learning and to facilitate personal and societal transformation.     

民间信仰的社会学研究论纲

当前,民间信仰已成为多学科的研究对象。相比民俗学、历史学、人类学等学科而言,社会学较少涉入民间信仰研究。本文提出有关民间信仰的一套比较系统的社会学研究论纲,即从社会学的现实研究取向、研究方法、研究视角、理论运用和道德责任五个不同层面来分别阐释对民间信仰开展的五个方面研究:现状研究、实证研究、关系论研究、理论解释和批判研究。本论纲乃希望达到三个目的:其一是呼吁社会学学者能更多地关注民间信仰现象、参与到民间信仰现象的研究队伍中来;其二是提供一套民间信仰的社会学研究取向、研究方法、研究视角、解释路径和研究立场,供其他学科批判或借鉴;其三是希望能摆脱以基督教为主要研究对象发展而成的宗教社会学理论在解释中国经验时的尴尬处境,推动中国本土宗教的社会学理论建设。     

"知识整体理论"的基本假设及理论贡献——基于知识与管理的认识论视角

知识整体理论的提出是管理史上一次适宜的突破,一次承前启后、继往开来的革新.该理论从知识着手切入对管理问题的解释力,本质上是把管理建立在知识的基础之上.从表面上看,知识整体理论的基本假设是要纠正西方知识管理问题上的根本缺陷,实际上却是以知识问题为进路来实现现代管理认识论的范式转换并重建起知识管理的整体论框架.该理论的时代贡献除了恢复管理中人获得自身解放的崇高地位,引发管理的价值转向之外,还在清理前人研究的基础上,借用批判地反思提出了"三元"知识管理.本文基于知识与管理的认识论视角,尝试性地从基本框架、理论特色、应用价值和时代影响四个方面对知识整体理论的基本假设及理论贡献予以分析.     

中国传统政治文化评议

中国传统政治文化的基础是小农经济,王权至上,以血缘关系为中心。其基本特征是,专制下的民本主义,重视政治的实践操作和治国之道,家族伦理的价值趋向,礼法统一的人治模式。对传统政治文化要批判地继承,不断创新,大胆交流,实现政治文化向现代化转变。