关于贫困文化的思考

贫困文化是与贫困经济相互对应的一个范畴,贫困文化反映了贫困经济的精神实质;贫困经济则从根本上决定了贫困文化的物质表现形式。贫困文化是造成贫困经济的一个重要精神原因,改变贫困经济的状况,必须首先改造贫困文化的价值形态。     

Low dose risk estimation via simultaneous statistical inferences

Summary.  The paper develops and studies simultaneous confidence bounds that are useful for making low dose inferences in quantitative risk analysis. Application is intended for risk assessment studies where human, animal or ecological data are used to set safe low dose levels of a toxic agent, but where study information is limited to high dose levels of the agent. Methods are derived for estimating simultaneous, one-sided, upper confidence limits on risk for end points measured on a continuous scale. From the simultaneous confidence bounds, lower confidence limits on the dose that is associated with a particular risk (often referred to as a bench-mark dose ) are calculated. An important feature of the simultaneous construction is that any inferences that are based on inverting the simultaneous confidence bounds apply automatically to inverse bounds on the bench-mark dose.     

被遮蔽的"文革"叙事--从《玫瑰门》评论小史谈起

<玫瑰门>是铁凝20世纪80年代后期一部以"文革"为背景的重要作品,但从<玫瑰门>的评论小史可以看到,80年代后半期以来,评论界对"文革"主题的忽略与遮蔽是普遍的.其中对抽象人性的偏爱,导致评论界对铁凝等一些小说家揭开"文革"政治对人性阴暗面的催生和放大,与人性固有之丑陋的合谋真相这一努力,大多视而不见.这一情形与80年代中期开始形成的当代文学观密不可分,也与"瞻前"而非"顾后"的社会文化心理有着内在的联系.     

On pooling data summaries in the absence of interactions “response-by-study”

The standard hypothesis testing procedure in meta-analysis (or multi-center clinical trials) in the absence of treatment-by-center interaction relies on approximating the null distribution of the standard test statistic by a standard normal distribution. For relatively small sample sizes, the standard procedure has been shown by various authors to have poor control of the type I error probability, leading to too many liberal decisions. In this article, two test procedures are proposed, which rely on thet—distribution as the reference distribution. A simulation study indicates that the proposed procedures attain significance levels closer to the nominal level compared with the standard procedure.     

源于中华文化的日谚

本文通过大量源于中华文化典籍和以中国的人与物为素材的日谚事例 ,来说明日谚的中华文化蕴含具有系统性、集中性和典型性的特征 ,并提出它们形成的主要方法有照搬、改编和融合三种。     

文化教育:文化民族性与个性化的有效方式

文化教育是人类将文化传授给下一代的一种独特方式 ,它不仅将人类的文化创造传承给下一代 ,而且这种传承还是人类与动物界区别开来的重要形态 ,同时 ,也是文化教育使文化的民族性与个性化成为一种普遍的现象和规律。本文从文化教育起源入手 ,区分文化教育与教育 ,提出了文化习得的概念 ,并对文化教育的意义和价值进行了开掘。     

五四时期中西文化调和论的互动--兼论五四时期中国文化调和论兴起的外在刺激因素

五四时期 ,欧洲与亚洲之间、亚洲各国家之间的思想文化交流进入了一个新时期。当时 ,调和东西文化是欧洲和亚洲许多学者的共同期待。在亚洲 ,反应最强烈的是印度、日本和中国。印度和日本学者的呼应大大刺激了中国思想界 ,促使部分中国学者极力想找到中国在世界文化建设中的位置 ,而欧洲思想界的波动 ,则成为中国文化调和论者有力的舆论支持。     

论文化建设的内在冲突

进入 2 1世纪 ,中国面临着一个走向现代化的历史文化转型过程。在这一过程中 ,人们不同的思想文化观念将会经受激烈的碰撞和深刻的变革 ,由此在价值和现实层面将产生一系列必须正视和予以解决的内在冲突 :1.中国文化与西方文化的冲突 ;2 .经济发展与文化发展的冲突 ;3.总体本位与个体本位的冲突 ;4 .严肃文化 (主流文化、精英文化 )与大众文化的冲突。这些矛盾和冲突制约着当代中国文化的发展 ,而问题的具体解决在很大程度上关系着文化建设的未来     

西部大开发中的新疆民俗旅游开发

民俗文化的发展是文化产业的重要组成部分。旅游业离不开民俗文化的开发。旅游业竞争的最高层次是文化竞争 ,尤其是民俗文化的竞争。新疆旅游业发展过程证明了民俗文化开发的重大意义 ,但新疆民俗文化开发存在的问题也相当突出     

Sampling Strategies for Toxic Air Contaminants

Annual concentrations of toxic air contaminants are of primary concern from the perspective of chronic human exposure assessment and risk analysis. Despite recent advances in air quality monitoring technology, resource and technical constraints often impose limitations on the availability of a sufficient number of ambient concentration measurements for performing environmental risk analysis. Therefore, sample size limitations, representativeness of data, and uncertainties in the estimated annual mean concentration must be examined before performing quantitative risk analysis. In this paper, we discuss several factors that need to be considered in designing field-sampling programs for toxic air contaminants and in verifying compliance with environmental regulations. Specifically, we examine the behavior of SO2, TSP, and CO data as surrogates for toxic air contaminants and as examples of point source, area source, and line source-dominated pollutants, respectively, from the standpoint of sampling design. We demonstrate the use of bootstrap resampling method and normal theory in estimating the annual mean concentration and its 95% confidence bounds from limited sampling data, and illustrate the application of operating characteristic (OC) curves to determine optimum sample size and other sampling strategies. We also outline a statistical procedure, based on a one-sided t-test, that utilizes the sampled concentration data for evaluating whether a sampling site is compliance with relevant ambient guideline concentrations for toxic air contaminants.