论刑罚个别化原则的根基和属性——一种多视角的分析与考察

近年我国刑法学界,刑罚个别化原则正日益引起学者的广泛关注和深入研究.刑罚个别化原则有其内在的合理根基它在方法论基础上得益于近代犯罪学对刑法学的推动;在伦理内涵方面体现了人性关怀;在价值追求中实现了公正圆满.刑罚个别化原则不仅仅是一个量刑原则或刑法原则,而且是一个重要的刑事政策原则.     

异种自由刑数罪并罚规则研究

异种自由刑数罪并罚是在原有数罪并罚规则基础之上,针对多样化的犯罪现象与司法适用而设置的规则。根据我国现行《刑法》规定的异种自由刑并罚内容,吸收原则与并科原则各自蕴含着合理性依据。然而立足于整体数罪并罚的规则,此种规定却存在二者相互矛盾以及刑罚轻重的冲突,给理论研究与实践适用带来困扰。基于此,通过对域外异种自由刑数罪并罚规则的考察,借鉴其中折抵和限制加重原则的内容,提出我国异种自由刑并罚规则的改进建议:对有期徒刑和拘役刑的并罚采用综合折抵原则与限制加重原则的方式,而对有期徒刑、拘役刑和管制刑的并罚继续采用并科原则,从而更好地实现数罪并罚的适用。     

The Representation of the Family’s Voice in Serious Case Review Reports of Child Maltreatment

Australia and the United Kingdom have mandatory systems of case reviews, which are conducted whenever a child known to welfare or health services has died or been seriously harmed due to maltreatment. In the United Kingdom those conducting case reviews are required to involve family members in their deliberations. This study employed discourse analysis to examine the representation of family voices in 41 Overview Reports of Serious Case Reviews undertaken in England and published during 2014. The findings revealed that the contributions of family members were generally relegated or their legitimacy undercut by the positivist framing of most overview reports. However, the research also identified how the framing of family contributions within an interpretivist paradigm could engender highly complex understanding of deficiencies in child protection systems and lead to crucial new learning for professionals.     

Quadratic Approximation via the SCAD Penalty with a Diverging Number of Parameters

The high-dimensional data arises in diverse fields of sciences, engineering and humanities. Variable selection plays an important role in dealing with high dimensional statistical modelling. In this article, we study the variable selection of quadratic approximation via the smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty with a diverging number of parameters. We provide a unified method to select variables and estimate parameters for various of high dimensional models. Under appropriate conditions and with a proper regularization parameter, we show that the estimator has consistency and sparsity, and the estimators of nonzero coefficients enjoy the asymptotic normality as they would have if the zero coefficients were known in advance. In addition, under some mild conditions, we can obtain the global solution of the penalized objective function with the SCAD penalty. Numerical studies and a real data analysis are carried out to confirm the performance of the proposed method.     

我国环境刑罚轻缓化探析

毋庸置疑,在整个国际社会对环境犯罪处以轻缓刑罚的背景下,我国亦应该对环境刑罚采用轻缓化的原则。诚然,我国的环境刑罚制度与其他国家相比还有许多亟待完善的地方,但这并不妨碍我们在借鉴其他国家先进的立法经验的基础上构建适合我国具体国情的环境刑罚制度。在环境刑罚中要突出自由刑的适用,扩大并完善财产刑的适用,明确财产刑中过于模糊的规定,逐步改善环境犯罪的刑事处罚措施过于单一的缺点和功能上的不足,同时提高对辅助刑罚措施的关注。在环境犯罪方面,在适用传统刑罚措施惩治的基础上配合适用辅助刑罚措施,使我国环境刑罚轻缓化实践不至于成为一纸空谈。     

Bayesian bridge-randomized penalized quantile regression estimation for linear regression model with AP(q) perturbation

Bridge penalized regression has many desirable statistical properties such as unbiasedness, sparseness as well as ‘oracle’. In Bayesian framework, bridge regularized penalty can be implemented based on generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD) prior. In this paper, we incorporate Bayesian bridge-randomized penalty and its adaptive version into the quantile regression (QR) models with autoregressive perturbations to conduct Bayesian penalization estimation. Employing the working likelihood of the asymmetric Laplace distribution (ALD) perturbations, the Bayesian joint hierarchical models are established. Based on the mixture representations of the ALD and generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD) priors of coefficients, the hybrid algorithms based on Gibbs sampler and Metropolis-Hasting sampler are provided to conduct fully Bayesian posterior estimation. Finally, the proposed Bayesian procedures are illustrated by some simulation examples and applied to a real data application of the electricity consumption.     

论行政处罚法上的便宜原则

便宜原则在我国行政处罚法上并无明文的依据,但在行政实务中却不乏采用。基于合理行政的要求,在行政处罚法上应当承认便宜原则。便宜原则作为法定原则的一种补充,应仅于特殊情形下适用。由于便宜原则授予了行政机关更加宽泛的自由裁量权,因此其在适用时必须受到严格的约束。在将来修订行政处罚法时,有必要对便宜原则作出明确的规定。     

Dividend barrier and ruin problems for a risk model with delayed claims

In this paper, a compound Poisson risk model in the presence of a constant dividend barrier is considered. Two types of individual claims, main claims and by-claims, are defined, where every by-claim is induced by the main claim and and the time of delay for the claim is assumed to be random. A system of integro-differential equations with certain boundary conditions for the expected discounted penalty function is derived. We show that its solution can be expressed as the solution to the expected discounted penalty function in the same risk model with the absence of a barrier plus a linear combination of two linearly independent solutions to the associated homogeneous integro-differential equation. Using systems of integro-differential equations for the moment-generating function as well as for the arbitrary moments of the sum of discounted dividend payments until ruin, a matrix version of the dividends–penalty type relationship is derived. We also prove that ruin is certain under constant dividend barrier strategy. The closed form expressions are given when the claim amounts from both classes are exponentially distributed. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the solution procedure.     

Optimal control strategies for dividend payments and capital injections in compound Markov binomial risk model with penalties for deficits

We consider the compound Markov binomial risk model. The company controls the amount of dividends paid to the shareholders as well as the capital injections in order to maximize the cumulative expected discounted dividends minus the discounted capital injections and the discounted penalties for deficits prior to ruin. We show that the optimal value function is the unique solution of an HJB equation, and the optimal control strategy is a two-barriers strategy given the current state of the Markov chain. We obtain some properties of the optimal strategy and the optimal condition for ruining the company. We offer a high-efficiency algorithm for obtaining the optimal strategy and the optimal value function. In addition, we also discuss the optimal control problem under a restriction of bounded dividend rates. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the algorithm and the impact of the penalties.     

试析武则天时期的劝农与科责

武则天时期的劝农性科责无论对象还是惩罚的力度都与中国古代历史上通常的劝农形式有别。究其根源，一方面是由于武则天将劝农与官吏考课联系起来，并辅之以严厉的监察，促使地方官员进一步向基层吏员和百姓施压，从而导致严厉的科罚。另一方面，武则天时期出现大量浮户，劝农与科责既是在民户逃亡后保证农业生产继续的手段，也是巩固劝农政绩、招徕户口归农的措施。武则天时期的劝农性科责从某种程度上保证了这一阶段农业经济的发展，但政府的“劝农”本质最终还是促使劝农官与基层农业生产管理日益疏离，劝农愈趋形式化。