Kronecker Products in ANOVA—A First Step

In the complete balanced model for the analysis of variance, the equivalence of sums of squares and quadratic forms is seen to imply well-fitting patterns involving Kronecker products of identity matrices and scalar multiples of matrices with all elements equal to 1. The questions of symmetry, idempotency, and orthogonality so central to this topic are answered by simple multiplications; ranks are determined from simple traces. The associations between the forms of the two-factor model are presented here in a way that is accessible to first-year students and makes generalizations to higher order models transparent. The lack of patterns in incomplete or unbalanced models is noted. Additional steps in design and analysis are suggested in the references.     

Simulating the average run length for cusum schemes using variance reduction techniques

Some variance reduction techniques utilizing the total hazard are developed to estimate the average run lengths of the cumulative sum charts through simulation when the process follows a general probability distribution. Particularly, we propose the hazard estimator and the cycle estimator. Simulation results are shown for the exponential case and these estimators are compared with the raw simulation estimator. Applicability to multivariate CUSUM schemes is briefly discussed in the conclusion.     

An almost sure central limit theorem for self-normalized partial sums of weakly dependent random variables

Abstract

We give here an almost sure central limit theorem for self-normalized partial sums of a strictly stationary φ-mixing sequences which is in the domain of attraction of the normal law with mean zero and possibly infinite variance. Our result substantially extend a result on the almost sure central limit theorem previously obtained by Huang and Pang (2010).     

外商直接投资与我国区域经济增长

外商直接投资对区域经济增长具有显著影响。由于外商直接投资相对集中在东部沿海地区,使东部地区具有较高的经济增长率;而在东部发达地区内部,FDI流入较早且规模较大的省份经济增长率相对较高。无论是东部还是中西部地区,其经济增长率同生产要素投入增长率之间都存在着明显的相关关系。     

金额/比率陈述方式和调节匹配对消费者购买意愿的影响

研究引入调节匹配这个源于心理学的概念,探讨两种不同目标导向——求成与避败的消费者面对两种不同的信息陈述方式——金额与比率时对购买意愿的影响。结果表明：信息陈述方式与消费者目标导向产生匹配,才能对消费者态度及其购买意愿产生积极的正面影响;消费者动机存在干扰效果,尤其在消费者属于高动机的情况下,原本对促销信息陈述没有匹配的消费者转变为匹配,且消费者态度明显提升。     

中国企业对外直接投资的决定因素:基于制度视角的经验分析

本文结合中国经济转型时期的制度环境,对传统的国际折衷理论加以拓展,归纳出在中国经济转型的制度环境下,与企业对外直接投资决策密切相关的一系列特殊的制度因素,在此基础上建立一个中国企业对外直接投资决策的理论分析框架.然后以2006-2007年中国企业对外直接投资的微观数据为样本,对中国企业的对外直接投资的决策进行了多因素回归分析.实证结果表明,政府政策扶植、海外关系资源及自身融资能力对企业对外直接投资的动机和能力有重要影响.分类型研究表明,上述三种制度因素对贸易型、生产型、资源型和研发型对外直接投资的影响程度各有不同.     

MNCs and micro-entrepreneurship in emerging economies: The case of Avon in the Amazon

This article examines the activities of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the direct sales industry through an ethnographic case study of micro-entrepreneurship in the Brazilian Amazon. In large emerging economies, intra-country heterogeneity poses challenges for MNCs. Because national trends often obscure regional variations, the case study highlights the realities of the rural Amazon, and the specific challenges and potential for MNCs. Findings from the case study support three propositions. The development of direct sales networks in remote areas facilitates: (1) additional entrepreneurship, and encourages a progression from necessity to opportunity entrepreneurship; (2) social change in gender norms, including higher level of female empowerment and decision-making within families and communities; and (3) a reconciliation of local and global values on beauty and fashion for customers, leading to stronger brand relationships. By leveraging micro-entrepreneurship, MNCs can compete with local firms, even in rural areas lacking basic infrastructure, to the benefit of communities and individuals.     

等幂和的一种构造方法

构造高度等幂和是数论中一个困难问题，利用多重和的指标变换给出由低度等幂和构造高度等幂和的方法，并且给出构造10度等幂和的例子。     

迟到的非殖民化与缅甸对英联邦的突破

战后初期,艾德礼政府在缅甸政策上并没有大的创新,仍然沿用了战时内阁的政策。缅甸总督史密斯由于在缅甸推行与昂山敌对的政策使得缅甸的局势恶化。艾德礼政府逐渐改变了缅甸政策并任命兰斯为新的总督。兰斯支持缅甸民族主义者的政治要求。在经过了一番迟疑后,英国政府最终同意了兰斯的建议。但是由于英国政府的迟疑不决,缅甸的局势恶化,缅甸民族主义者与英国的关系也更为疏远。这一政治局势与缅甸在英帝国战略上的次要性使得缅甸最终在英联邦外独立。     

Analysis of the human sex ratio by using overdispersion models

For study of the human sex ratio, one of the most important data sets was collected in Saxony in the 19th century by Geissler. The data contain the sizes of families, with the sex of all children, at the time of registration of the birth of a child. These data are reanalysed to determine how the probability for each sex changes with family size. Three models for overdispersion are fitted: the beta–binomial model of Skellam, the 'multiplicative' binomial model of Altham and the double-binomial model of Efron. For each distribution, both the probability and the dispersion parameters are allowed to vary simultaneously with family size according to two separate regression equations. A finite mixture model is also fitted. The models are fitted using non-linear Poisson regression. They are compared using direct likelihood methods based on the Akaike information criterion. The multiplicative and beta–binomial models provide similar fits, substantially better than that of the double-binomial model. All models show that both the probability that the child is a boy and the dispersion are greater in larger families. There is also some indication that a point probability mass is needed for families containing children uniquely of one sex.