印欧语系的起源及特点

比较语言学将人类语言分为29个语系,印欧语系是其中影响最大、分布最广的语系之一。印欧语系包括10个语族,50多种语言。印欧语系以北欧为中心向欧洲大陆东、西两端延伸,在南亚次大陆及非洲南端等地区也有分布。从进化论的角度分析,印欧语系的祖先可能是库尔干人、盖尔·凯尔特人、亚利安人或土耳其人。印欧语系的辅音系统的发音方式主要有爆破音、鼻音、延续音和半辅音,其发音部位主要有唇、齿、硬腭和软腭。     

试论民族语言的文化学意义

民族语言是文化的载体 ,又是民族文化的表现形式之一 ,是一定民族的精神创造活动的结果 ,揭示其潜在的文化内涵 ,具有十分重要的文化学意义。本文只撷取其中的几个侧面 ,进行尝试性论述。     

English and discourses of commodification among tourism workers in the Himalayas

In this article, I investigate commodification discourses and ideologies of English from the perspective of Nepali tourism workers. Drawing data from interviews with porters and trekking guides in Nepal, I argue that English is not seen as merely a transactional means to convey meaning; it works in combination with the traditional form of labor and care in the local economy, establishing itself as a powerful tool to establish closer interpersonal relationships, enhance such interpersonal relationships for economic gains and commodify local identities and cultures in the tourism market. The interview and ethnographic details show that language learners are agentive and capable of making sense of their actions by positioning themselves variously in terms of ethnicity, economic class and job category. These workers think that tourists' linguistic and financial resources are the empowering tools that enable them to travel to locations that they want. They also want to empower themselves with English skills and translocal imaginaries to travel and see the world beyond their immediate reach. Repertoires in English are considered as instruments to mediate their imaginaries and the foreign worlds they want to be part of.     

Young Norwegians and their views on climate change and the future: findings from a climate concerned and oil-rich nation

Young people represent the future, but little is known about their attitudes towards climate change, one of the most serious issues facing the world today. The purpose of the present study is to contribute with improved and new knowledge of young Norwegians’ understanding of and attitudes towards this issue, with a special focus on perspectives of the future. Of particular interest is the influence of divergent framings of the climate question in Norway, due to conflicting interests between the petroleum industry and climate concern. The young people's voices are elicited through two different surveys undertaken during the fall of 2013, one national (Norwegian Citizen Panel) and one local (School survey conducted among high-school students). The study generated both quantitative and qualitative findings, stemming from closed-ended as well as open-ended questions. The data were handled through a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results show that the voices tend to be oriented towards the opinion that Norway has a responsibility to help poor countries as well as a duty to prevent climate change and that the country should reduce its oil production. We further observe that young Norwegians have an optimistic view of the future, based on a pronounced belief in technology and science.     

The source of Black-White inequality in early language acquisition: Evidence from Early Head Start

I compare language learning trajectories for Black and White children over the first 3 years of life using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation study (EHSRE) in order to determine the timing and source of divergence in early language skill. Results indicate that that while controlling for racial differences in family background and a measure of the home language environment cannot entirely account for disparities in language acquisition, interactions between age, race and maternal education, and between race and a time-varying measure of the home language environment play a significant role. I show that returns to parental education and the home language environment, in terms of language learning, are higher for White children than their Black peers. Specification checks confirm that these results are robust to alternate definitions of child language and the home language environment, and that no interactions between race, age and any of the other covariates are significant. I discuss possible explanations for these race specific education gradients, including measurement error and test bias. In addition, I address relevant empirical issues in estimating language growth with respect to linguistic inputs and the home language environment.     

通向《逻辑哲学论》神秘主义的双重路径

《逻辑哲学论》中的神秘主义是前期维特根斯坦的重要思想之一。西方学者对这一思想的具体内容以及它同《逻辑哲学论》中其他思想之间的关系评价不一,而且这些评价都有自身的局限性。事实上,如果从全局的视域来考察《逻辑哲学论》就会发现,通往神秘主义有两条路径:一条是语言哲学的路径;另一条是逻辑哲学的路径。神秘主义是维特根斯坦对有意义的科学命题和缺少意义的逻辑命题进行分析所推导出的一个逻辑结论,它与《逻辑哲学论》中的图像论和逻辑哲学是一个不可分割的整体,这种整体性表明维特根斯坦力图实现经验的自然科学、先验的逻辑学和超验的伦理学的统一。     

论价值语言

语言有描述语言和价值语言之分。虽然在纯粹的描述语言和纯粹的价值语言之间也存在兼有描述和价值二重性的混合语言,但这并不能作为没有描述语言与价值语言之分野的依据。价值语言有两种功能,一是评价对象,一是指令人。价值语言的类型有评价语言与指令语言、自然价值语言与人工价值语言、肯定性价值语言与否定性价值语言、原生价值语言与派生价值语言之分。价值语言内部还存在四个级别的差异,它们相互之间存在统摄与被统摄的关系,并由此形成一个有内在逻辑关联的有机系统。价值语言在性质上似乎与以真假为值的传统语言逻辑不相容,但实际上,价值语言也一直遵守的是传统语言逻辑。如果我们将传统语言逻辑所注重的真假值改为对错值,那么,传统逻辑就既可在实际上与价值语言相容,也可在名义上和性质上与价值语言相容。     

试论胡适的“白话唐诗”观

胡适认为,白话是"活"的语言,言文一致,优美而适用。他从白话化和历史进化的双维同构视角,发掘、建构了一部中国白话文学谱系,并且指出它是中国文学的正宗。他认为大多数唐诗都是白话文学、或近于白话的作品,代表着文学演进的正确方向。这种新的阐释不仅是对唐诗遗产价值的肯定,也是对东方文化中具有普世意义成分价值的维护。胡适的"白话文学(唐诗)"观与他对祖国本土文学资源有较多的感性认识相关,但主要还是得益于世界文化史、科学史和学术史的启迪。     

台湾高中第二外语教育现状与发展方向

今日,国际化的定义非常多样化,也逐渐在学校教育中扎根、发展。教育部门和学校一方面要不断推进英语教育的推广与改进,另一方面也要思考在多文化、多语言社会产生的"内部国际化"课题。在台湾,提早实施英语教育、推进高中第二外语教育、推行中小学及高中的国际教育政策等皆是教育改革重要部分。作为教育改革中的重要环节,20世纪90年代后期开始积极推动的高中第二外语教育已经取得了一定成效,但依旧存在专业教师培养与大学课程的衔接等方面问题。     

独立后吉尔吉斯斯坦俄语发展现状研究

俄语仍然是吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国的官方语言，在吉尔吉斯斯坦仍然保持着较高的使用率。俄语的社会价值导致了吉尔吉斯斯坦吉-俄双语现象的产生，双语制成为吉尔吉斯斯坦的一个主要特征和最重要的文化价值之一。吉国大部分居民有继续保持俄语现有的地位、使用吉-俄双语制的心理倾向，但是，俄语在吉尔吉斯斯坦的发展过程中仍然面临着民族、政治、文化诸方面的挑战。