区域创新生态系统知识图谱的可视化研究

区域创新是地区经济发展的强力引擎,是一个重要研究议题。文章基于中英文两大数据库,运用Cite Space与VOS viewer软件,对国际及国内区域创新生态系统的研究现状、研究热点及研究动态演化进行分析。研究发现:国内外区域创新生态系统研究成果与日俱增;中国区域经济发展活力持续上涨,在区域创新生态系统领域已形成少量多个学术共同体;在WOS数据库中相关文献研究主题主要包括系统的结构、管理、内在发展模式、外在发展方式,在CNKI数据库中相关文献研究主题主要包括系统理论基础、运行及评价。研究结论对广大研究区域创新生态系统的学者超越现有理论探索新的研究议题具有一定的参考价值。     

Distribution and selection of experts in the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services (IPBES): the case of the regional assessment for Africa

In 2013, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) agreed to carry out a regional assessment for Africa. Since then, roughly 100 authors have been working to deliver, in 2018, a document that not only synthesises existing knowledge on biodiversity and ecosystem services for the African region but to distil from it knowledge that is relevant, credible, and legitimate for both societal and scientific practise. This requires, firstly, to carefully constituting the group of authors and, secondly, to design an assessment process that allows for deriving at an integrated perspective amongst these experts. Such a joint process of knowledge production that encompasses both interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration can be framed as co-creation. In this contribution, we analyse whether the IPBES African assessment accounts for these two prerequisites for an effective assessment process. Our particular interest lays in the question whether scholars from social sciences and the humanities are sufficiently involved. Our analysis is based on the curriculum vitae of 97 members of the expert group, and reads quite straightforward: there is an overall lack of non-natural science perspectives and expertise that might lead to essential knowledge and data gaps when wishing to understand the effects of the diverse human concepts of and activities on biodiversity and ecosystem services. In order to address these gaps and to derive at an assessment report truly relevant for policy makers as well as other social and scientific actors, IPBES needs to widen its outreach to networks of scholars from the social sciences and the humanities and to inform them appropriately about the specific roles they could play within IPBES processes, particularly assessments.     

Borrowing trouble. Finding ways out of value systems discord for biodiversity policy-making

IPBES’ conceptual framework, and the related debates prior to its adoption, provided an interesting opportunity to witness an old and ongoing tension between two value systems, namely an “economic” and utility-based value system, and a “cultural” and comprehensive value system. Arguments for and against both value systems relate, at least partly, to criteria such as practicality, democracy, comprehensiveness and respect for various forms of worldviews. However, disputes regarding the legitimacy of these value systems mostly rest on theoretical ground since they generally focus on the potential threats and future promises of approaches related to these value systems, rather than on their actual impacts and performance. This article aims to contribute to filling this gap.

Typical instruments of the “economic” value system are cost-benefit analysis and its correlate, ecosystem services valuation. The key selling point of these instruments is their ability to support efficient, transparent and democratic policy-making processes. On the other hand, their most often denounced threat lies in paving the way to the commodification of nature. In this paper, these promises and threats are put to test in the context of Official Development Assistance and the decision-making processes of five Official Development Agencies (ODAs) such as the World Bank, the European Investment Banks and three bilateral ODAs. The paper provides for an analysis of the role of cost-benefit analysis and ecosystem services valuation for supporting decision-making in the fields related to the local environment in these ODAs. Results suggest that, however favourable the context of ODA appears for economic valuation instruments, the “economic” value system has failed to deliver both in terms of its most commonly boasted promises and its most often denounced threats. This suggests renewing our views on the tension between the value systems. All value systems give birth to languages, concepts and representations that can be used as complementary rather than conflicting resources as long as the economic analysis is no longer considered as a proxy for decision-making, but rather as a useful language to speak of material interests and of distribution, and to bring these concerns into deliberation processes.     

论藏族生态知识的不可替代价值——以昌都地区察雅县荣周乡成功造林为例

以往冰川研究者认定,高于海拔3000m地带,均属季节性寒漠带,地表以下0.8米处为永久冻土层,因而是乔木成活的禁区。西藏昌都地区察雅县荣周乡地处三江源,当地藏族居民具有一套特殊的生态知识,能在海拔3300米以上地区成功造林,以最小的投入突破生态禁区,为寒漠带生态建设提供了一个成功范例。充分利用藏族生态知识,可望为我国寒漠带生态建设提供可行的方法。以此为例,讨论少数民族生态知识的不可替代性。     

面向创业型经济的生态体系构建与实施策略

创业型经济是一种建立在新创企业和创新事业基础上的全新的经济形态,它成为经济可持续发展的引擎。文章在深入分析我国发展创业型经济的主要问题的基础上,探索创业型经济发展的内在演化规律,提出了发展我国创业型经济的生态体系模型以及政策框架。     

论媒介生态系统的构成、规划与管理

媒介生态系统指在一定的时间和空间内,人、媒介、社会、自然四者之间通过物质交换、能量流动和信息交流的相互作用、相互依存而构成的一个动态平衡的统一整体。媒介生态系统是有机统一的整体系统,不断变化的生命系统,物质交换、能量流动和信息交流的枢纽,开放的、动态的、平衡的预警系统。媒介生态系统可以分为自然环境、社会环境（含有政治环境、经济环境、文化环境和技术环境等）和一级生产者（传播者）、二级生产者（媒介）、三级生产者（营销）、消费者（受众）和分解者（回收、利用者）等。媒介生态的机构包括形态结构和功能结构两部分。对其进行科学规划,主要从媒介生态系统规划、媒介生态工程规划和媒介生态管理规划入手,依循合理的规划步骤,秉承整体互动、不偏不倚、平衡循环的路线,通过一定的社会革新和人类干预,争取形成媒介系统的“循环式食物链”和“绿色生态链”。     

林业分类经营—现代林业发展的必由之路

林业是实现生态与经济协调发展的重要部门之一.传统林业经营模式已无法满足人类对生态环境保护和经济发展的需求,国内外林业实践告诉我们,中国现代林业发展必须要走分类经营道路.其理论基础是林业分工论、生态经济协调发展理论和需求理论.商品林业和公益林业的发展都要遵循市场经济的运行规律.     

试论生态环境治理中政府的角色定位

生态环境问题的不断恶化,把各国政府推上了生态环境治理的前台,并成为近年来政府职能转变的一项要务。政府在生态环境治理中除了直接提供环境服务之外,其主导作用体现在环境政策上的宏观调控(包括环境立法和经济协调)与微观上的公正裁决。同时,政府应主动寻求企业、非政府组织、公民的支持,与社会各界建立合作型的伙伴关系,并推行环境管理的地方化及区域合作,从而建立容纳多主体的政策制定和执行框架,形成共同分担环境责任的机制。     

基于Living Lab的大学教育创新生态体系构建

如何在大学教育中实现可持续性的创新型人才培养,是我国当前高等教育改革迫切需要解决的问题。构建面向创新型人才培养的大学教育生态环境,是解决这一问题的核心。本研究基于Living Lab创新体系,对国内外多所大学的创新生态现状与创新人才培养方法进行了深入研究,构建了基于Living Lab理念的大学教育创新生态体系,并深入阐述了这一体系中的各个要素、相互关系以及基本特征;同时,结合我国当前创新型人才培养现状,提出通过课程/项目、机构、决策三个层面的创新实践,推动基于Living Lab理念的大学教育创新生态体系的全面构建。     

资源基础、生态环境与粮食类家庭农场的成长

以黄淮海平原的487户粮食类家庭农场为例,基于资源基础理论和企业生态理论,探究不同层次因素对粮食类家庭农场成长的影响。研究表明：65.68%的成长差异由个体差异造成,34.32%则由省域差异所导致;个体层面的生产设备完善程度、贷款难易程度、农场主受教育程度和管理规章制度规范程度对其成长产生显著正向影响,成员年均参与培训次数则在短期内产生负向影响;省域层面的扶持政策体系完善程度不仅会强化管理规章制度规范程度与其成长之间的正向关联,还与农业合作社提供社会化服务能力和技术获取渠道宽敞程度一起,共同强化了农场主受教育程度与其成长之间的正向关联、弱化了成员年均参与培训次数与其成长之间的负向关联。