热漏对制冷机生态学准则的影响

制冷机除传导不可逆外,还存在热漏等其它不可逆因素.进一步考虑热漏对制冷机性能的影响,导出了反热阻、热漏影响的制冷机生态学优化准则,为制冷机的优化设计提供了理论依据.     

环境治理推动乡村治理现代化——以“生态桥”治理工程为例

生态环境是乡村振兴的重要支撑和本底基础,环境治理是改善乡村生态环境、推动绿色发展的内在需求。“生态桥”治理工程是北京平谷区针对桃树枝废弃物资源化利用而提出一套废弃物资源化利用和乡村治理的模式,对于破解乡村环境治理困境具有重要意义。平谷区立足于生态涵养区的功能定位,以生态文明建设为切入点,通过实施“生态桥”治理工程,搭建起多元主体协同共治、环境治理与基层治理协同推进的桥梁,推进了农村社会经济生态化、绿色化转型,本文基于PSR模型框架阐释了乡村环境治理逻辑,剖析了“生态桥”治理工程的主要做法、取得的成效和经验启示,探讨了生态治理项目推进乡村治理现代化的机制,为乡村基层治理现代化提供了经验借鉴和新的思考。     

Birth environments for women with complex pregnancies: A mixed-methods systematic review

BackgroundBirth environments can help support women through labour and birth. Home-like rooms which encourage active birthing are embraced in midwifery-led settings. However, this is often not reflected in obstetric settings for women with more complex pregnancies.AimTo investigate the impact of the birth environment for women with complex pregnancies.MethodsThis was a mixed-methods systematic review, incorporating qualitative and quantitative research. A literature search was implemented across three databases (Medline, CINAHL, Embase) from the year 2000 to June 2021. Studies were eligible if they were based in an Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development country and reported on birth environments for women with complex pregnancies. Papers were screened and quality appraised by two researchers independently.Findings30,345 records were returned, with 15 articles meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were based in Australia, the UK, and the USA. Participants included women and health professionals. Five main themes arose: Quality of care and experience; Supportive spaces for women; Supportive spaces for midwives; Control of the space; Design issues.DiscussionWomen and midwives found the birth environment important in supporting, or failing to support, a positive birth experience. Obstetric environments are complex spaces requiring balance between space for women to mobilise and access birthing aids, with the need for medical teams to have easy access to the woman and equipment in emergencies.ConclusionFurther research is needed investigating different users’ needs from the environment and how safety features can be balanced with comfort to provide high-quality care and positive experiences for women.