Immigrant entry visa categories and their effects on the children of immigrants’ education

As the U.S. continues to debate how to reform the current immigration system, there has been an increased emphasis on increasing skilled migration via employment sponsorship and subsequently decreasing other forms of migration, such as family reunification or refugees and asylees. Employment migration is viewed favourably because immigrants tend to arrive with greater education and language skills. However, it is unclear whether the descendants of immigrants admitted via employment categories have greater integration outcomes than the descendants of immigrants admitted via other categories. This study examines whether an immigrant’s entry visa (e.g. temporary work, refugee, student, etc.) affects their children’s education. Using data from the 2004 Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles, this study finds that children whose fathers arrived via student/tourist visas have greater odds of college attainment. Related, this study identifies a possible mechanism, advanced/honors courses in high school, that may explain why father’s student/tourist visa exerts a positive effect on student’s pathway to college completion. However, there are no significant effects for fathers arriving under temporary work visas or as legal permanent residents.     

纵向约束条件下跨国公司进入方式研究

跨国公司进入目标国的主要方式为纵向一体化。纵向一体化进入方式大致可以分为纵向约束较弱、中性和较强三种。究竟哪种进入方式更有利于跨国公司的扩张战略则取决于不同的内外部因素约束。本文将对这些进入方式的选择及与约束条件之间的关系进行分析。     

市场机会、进入决策与战略性并购:基于成长期权理论的一个案例研究

基于净现值的进入模型是对市场均衡状态下企业进入决策的一个描述.但在现实中,不均衡却是市场的一种常态,因此企业无从进行基于净现值的进入决策.本文首先建立了一个基于成长期权价值的进入模型,并指出在成长期权式的市场机会(即商业前景向好)出现时,企业的最优进入时机并不一定是单调的.而是依赖于进入成本、机会成本与成长期权价值三个变量的时序变动模式.这意味着企业家(创业者)不仅要在动态的市场环境中识别成长期权式的投资项目(创业项目),而且要能根据企业当前业务所处的生命周期阶段审慎地选择进入时机.鉴于已被证实的巨大商业前景,本文将互联网产业看作一项成长期权,并基于成长期权理论对微软的战略性并购进行了分析.     

Capacity Investment Under Responsive Pricing: Implications of Market Entry Choice*

We consider a manufacturer’s new market entry problem when it already has some established facility in its existing market. We consider two common market entry strategies: the export strategy and the foreign direct investment (FDI) strategy. In the export strategy the firm increases the capacity at its existing facility and subsequently allocates the output to the existing and the new market dynamically, depending on realized market conditions. The export strategy is a flexible strategy. In the FDI strategy, the firm invests in a dedicated capacity to serve the new market only. The FDI strategy is a (partially) dedicated strategy. We study these two strategies from a planning perspective, that is, how the firm’s strategy choice influences the optimal capacity levels. We find that the firm’s strategy choice can significantly impact the optimal capacity investment levels. We prove, for example, that the firm may enter the new market in the export strategy but not in the FDI strategy, even if the capacity investment cost is identical in the existing and the new market. In addition, we prove that the firm may invest a strictly higher capacity level in the export strategy than that in the FDI strategy. We also prove that new market entry in the FDI strategy may strictly decrease the firm’s supply to its existing market but this is not so in the export strategy, and hence policy makers should carefully consider the implications of trade regulations on firms’ market entry choices.     

Entry modes and national systems of innovation

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) have contributed to the productive and technological upgrading of many host economies, whereas discussion about entry modes and developmental effects is far from being concluded. We explore the relative importance of national systems of innovation in various forms of firm internationalization. We hypothesize that, adopting a dynamic perspective, institutional stability and the consolidation of R&;D capacities reinforce entrepreneurship and become key driver mechanisms to improve the attraction of foreign entries. The empirical analysis is built upon a sample of countries with dissimilar levels of development using longitudinal data for the period 1998–2004. The findings confirm that the relative technological advance of host countries differ for cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&;A) compared to other entry modes, taking into account the diversity of the developing world, the potential of emerging economies and the need to investigate new drivers for the attraction of FDI.     

郑州市入境旅游者的购物需求与旅游商品的设计开发

郑州市的旅游业经过20多年的发展,形成了庞大的产业规模。但旅游商品业却始终是郑州旅游产业中的薄弱环节,存在诸多问题,这严重地阻碍了郑州旅游商品的发展。分析了郑州市入境旅游者的购物需求以及目前郑州旅游商品生产的现状和问题,并提出郑州旅游商品生产企业的旅游商品开发策略。     

The Impact of the Potential Entry of Copycats: Entry Conditions,Consumer Welfare,and Social Welfare

This article examines the implications of the potential entry of a copycat who produces and sells a copycat (i.e., imitation) product that competes with the incumbent product. By analyzing a two‐period dynamic noncooperative game between these two firms, we identify conditions under which the copycat can gain successful market entry. More importantly, we find that the potential entry of a copycat creates (implicit) pressure for the incumbent to lower its selling price; hence, it improves consumer welfare. Finally, we identify conditions under which the potential entry of a copycat can increase social welfare (i.e., consumer welfare and the profit of both firms).      

论入世后街道在社区服务中的适应性角色——以上海市五里桥街道为分析个案

本文以上海市著名的五里桥街道为分析个案 ,总结了其现有的成功社区服务模式的特点及现实意义 ,探讨了入世后作为区政府派出机构的街道一级准政府在社区服务业中面临的机遇和挑战 ,指出了街道应从几个方面适应WTO规则要求 ,在社区服务业中规范自己的角色 ,与时俱进采取适应性行为 ,主要包括培育职业化的社区服务队伍、政府职能的转变、社区服务信息化以及以社区服务业为载体搞好再就业工程等。     

山西入境游考察及外宣材料翻译规范化策略

在充分分析和考察国际、国内以及山西省的旅游现状的基础上,阐述了山西省入境旅游的巨大发展潜力以及英语在旅游宣传中所占据的举足轻重、不可替代的作用。同时,结合英语外宣材料文本最核心的信息功能和劝说功能,针对山西省外宣材料中出现的不规范现象,强调在翻译过程中必须考虑语言、风格和文化因素,充分挖掘旅游资源的文化内涵和文化底蕴。     

An analytic hierarchy process based simulation model for entry mode decision regarding foreign direct investment

A methodology is developed for ranking entry mode alternatives encountered by individual firms considering foreign direct investment (FDI). The methodology deals with the risks and uncertainties related to FDI. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to solve the multiple criteria decision-making problem using input from a firm's management. A simulation approach is incorporated into the AHP to handle the uncertainty considerations encountered in an FDI environment. The uncertainties include: (1) uncertainty regarding the future characteristics of the FDI decision making environment, (2) uncertainty associated with the decision maker's judgment regarding pairwise comparisons necessitated by the AHP.