Entry modes and national systems of innovation

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) have contributed to the productive and technological upgrading of many host economies, whereas discussion about entry modes and developmental effects is far from being concluded. We explore the relative importance of national systems of innovation in various forms of firm internationalization. We hypothesize that, adopting a dynamic perspective, institutional stability and the consolidation of R&;D capacities reinforce entrepreneurship and become key driver mechanisms to improve the attraction of foreign entries. The empirical analysis is built upon a sample of countries with dissimilar levels of development using longitudinal data for the period 1998–2004. The findings confirm that the relative technological advance of host countries differ for cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&;A) compared to other entry modes, taking into account the diversity of the developing world, the potential of emerging economies and the need to investigate new drivers for the attraction of FDI.     

Entry Timing in Foreign Markets: A Meta-analytic Review and Critique

In this meta-analytic review, we examine the entry timing-firm performance relationship as it has been studied in international business research. In addition, we present several moderating factors that strengthen or weaken that relationship. We find that early entry bears financial advantages in international markets, but those advantages depend on country of entry and origin, industry context, performance measurement, type of entry and time period. We conclude with a discussion of avenues for future research.     

独资化与产业内技术溢出——基于2004年中国31个省市30个制造业行业的分层模型

 一般认为合资企业比独资企业更有利于产生技术溢出,而中国近年已经显示出明显的外资独资化趋势。基于此,本文尝试应用第一次经济普查有关制造业的细分数据,采用分层模型,就外商独资化倾向对行业内技术溢出效应的影响进行实证分析。分析结果表明,独资化对内资企业确实具有负面影响：在竞争性技术溢出效应产生方面,独资化有抑制作用;在集聚性技术溢出效应方面,独资化产生了更强的“挤出”效应。     

Foreign direct investment through partial acquisitions: hostage effect or conflicts enhancement

Basing on Internalization Theory (IT) and Knowledge Based Theories of the firm (KBTF), as well as on the recent Hostage Theory of Partial Acquisitions, the different performances of foreign direct investments (FDIs) made through joint ventures, total and partial acquisitions are analyzed. The study includes an analysis of the impact that the experience related to the host country accrued by the investing firm has upon each entry mode’s performance. By focusing on recent international expansion through FDIs of listed Spanish firms, an empirical analysis is carried out. The stock market reaction to FDIs is used as a measure of performance. Our results confirm the role of accrued experience as a factor conditioning the costs inherent to each entry mode.

服务企业的国际化战略

本文分析了打算进入国际市场的服务企业所面临的主要挑战,然后提出了服务企业国际化的五种相互并不完全排斥的战略。它们是：直接出口服务,即最适合于面向产业市场的维修和保养服务;系统出口,指由两家或多家提供互补性解决方案的企业开展的合作出口;直接进入模式,指服务企业在国外市场直接建立子公司;间接进入模式,适用于那些不愿意直接在国外设立拥有全部或部分所有权的子公司的服务企业,通常通过授权协议或特许经营方式由当地企业提供服务;电子营销,这种方式使企业不必局限于某一特定市场。     

The Impact of the Potential Entry of Copycats: Entry Conditions,Consumer Welfare,and Social Welfare

This article examines the implications of the potential entry of a copycat who produces and sells a copycat (i.e., imitation) product that competes with the incumbent product. By analyzing a two‐period dynamic noncooperative game between these two firms, we identify conditions under which the copycat can gain successful market entry. More importantly, we find that the potential entry of a copycat creates (implicit) pressure for the incumbent to lower its selling price; hence, it improves consumer welfare. Finally, we identify conditions under which the potential entry of a copycat can increase social welfare (i.e., consumer welfare and the profit of both firms).      

入世后国有外贸企业核心竞争力的再造

国有外贸企业将在经济全球化和信息化时代背景下参与世界范围的竞争。然而 ,处于转轨时期的我国国有外贸企业的整体竞争力较弱 ,要在日益激烈的竞争中求得生存与发展 ,重新塑造其核心竞争力是其唯一出路。本文分析了国有外贸企业入世后面临的新挑战 ,界定了国有外贸企业的核心竞争力 ,进而从核心竞争力的培育、核心竞争力的扩散、核心竞争力的整合、核心竞争力的发挥、核心竞争力的更新这五个构成核心竞争力管理的关键过程入手论述了我国国有外贸企业的核心竞争力再造 ,提出了相应的举措。     

“入世”后边疆民族地区干部人才工作思路的调适

我国加入世贸组织以后,边疆民族地区干部人才资源的开发与利用工作面临多方面的挑战和机遇。要建立以“人为本”的人才开发利用机制,留住并用好人才。同时要真正办好教育,使边疆民族地区人力资源素质有显著提高。