行政自由裁量权的两面性及其控制路径

行政自由裁量权作为行政权的重要组成部分,在行政活动中扮演着独特的角色。随着社会事务的日益纷繁复杂,行政自由裁量权在大幅度膨胀的同时,也给人们的正当权益造成了威胁。因此应考察其存在的合理性和被滥用的可能性,从外部控制和行政自我控制等视角对其有效控制路径作出研析。     

浅谈生态伦理及其教育问题

生态道德教育是一个普遍性的社会伦理问题。生态危机的特征 ,生物共同体的联系以及我国生态环境的现状 ,都客观地要求我们必须注重人与自然界的和谐发展 ,加强全民性的生态道德教育。     

开展我国环境审计的新思考

在我国,环境审计对于国家审计、内部审计和民间审计来说都是一个新内容。作为环境管理系统的重要组成部分,环境审计具有重大的意义。因此,建立健全环境审计制度,采取切实可行的措施,是环境管理和环境审计的重要任务。     

分振幅薄膜干涉课件的制作

利用电脑对点光源和发光平面的薄膜干涉进行模拟 ,并将其制作成多媒体课件 ,使看上去很复杂的光路图变得简单、清晰 ,使教学具有良好的视觉效果 ,大大增强了课堂的容量     

Nonparametric smoothing in the analysis of air pollution and respiratory illness

While most of epidemiology is observational, rather than experimental, the culture of epidemiology is still derived from agricultural experiments, rather than other observational fields, such as astronomy or economics. The mismatch is made greater as focus has turned to continue risk factors, multifactorial outcomes, and outcomes with large variation unexplainable by available risk factors. The analysis of such data is often viewed as hypothesis testing with statistical control replacing randomization. However, such approaches often test restricted forms of the hypothesis being investigated, such as the hypothesis of a linear association, when there is no prior empirical or theoretical reason to believe that if an association exists, it is linear. In combination with the large nonstochastic sources of error in such observational studies, this suggests the more flexible alternative of exploring the association. Conclusions on the possible causal nature of any discovered association will rest on the coherence and consistency of multiple studies. Nonparametric smoothing in general, and generalized additive models in particular, represent an attractive approach to such problems. This is illustrated using data examining the relationship between particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Birmingham, Alabama; between particulate air pollution, ozone, and SO₂ and daily hospital admissions for respiratory illness in Philadelphia; and between ozone and particulate air pollution and coughing episodes in children in six eastern U.S. cities. The results indicate that airborne particles and ozone are associated with adverse health outcomes at very low concentrations, and that there are likely no thresholds for these relationships.     

上海市空气污染造成人群健康经济损失的研究

文章通过对上海市空气污染季节性状况的描述 ,分析了各种污染物的污染程度和变化趋势 ,并利用对上海某市级医院的实地调查数据 ,对空气污染物与医院呼吸系统疾病患者日门诊量之间的相关关系进行研讨 ,建立了多元分析模型 ,探讨了患者健康经济损失的计量方法 ,并对由空气污染造成呼吸系统疾病患者健康经济损失进行了估算。研究表明 ,在其他条件不变的情况下 ,NOX 日指数每增长 10 % ,被调查医院呼吸系统疾病患者的日门诊人次增加 7 7人次 ,而这些疾病患者由于患病产生的年度健康经济损失为 2 11万元。据此作保守的推断估计 ,上海市一年内因NOX 超标而发生的呼吸系统疾病门诊行为造成的健康经济损失可以达到 4 2亿元。同样 ,SO2 和TSP造成门诊患者的健康经济损失分别为 1 5亿元和 0 86亿元     

The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.     

自然环境变化的加速度规律

自然环境越来越受到社会的关注 ,近些年来 ,自然环境污染破坏日益严重 ,严重威胁着人类的生存和发展。就森林减少、生物物种减少和土地沙漠化、空气、水体污染加剧等几个方面进行了讨论 ,并分析了自然环境变化的原因 ,同时还对未来自然环境变化进行了预测 ,提出了自然环境变化存在一个加速度的观点     

重庆市培育金融核心区：布局、路径与对策

金融核心区的培育是提升重庆金融集聚力和辐射力以及构建长江上游地区金融中心的关键因素.在审视金融核心区的概念、内涵和重庆市培育金融核心区的必要性、可能性基础上,运用大系统分析方法的原理,提出重庆金融核心区的规划布局和总体思路;基于产业集群理论探讨重庆金融核心区的培育路径与对策.研究认为,培育重庆金融核心区,要在运筹高端金融商务发展体系、夯实现代金融业发展平台、拓展金融业发展空间等三个方面合理布局金融产业,促进形成金融业产业集群,并优化金融生态环境和金融主体结构、强化金融资源共享和政府公共服务职能.     

生态环境建设与渭河污染治理研究

据渭河流经陕西区域经济社会发展状况及渭河水质现状，通过国家地表水环境质量标准与有关工业、生活污水管理排放标准比较分析，提出在加强监督管理和污染治理的同时更应重视渭河流域生态环及环境建设与保护在渭河污染治理、恢复其应有功能所起到的重要作用。