浅议我国发展PX项目的意义及其对策

对二甲苯( PX)是一种世界性的重要化工产品。我国是PX产品的生产大国，也是PX产品的消费大国，PX项目的发展和我国的国民经济息息相关。本文分析了二甲苯( PX)的生产概况和市场需求，论述了PX项目在我国经济发展的重要地位，论述了加快发展PX项目的必要性。本文还从环境保护的角度出发，谈论了发展PX项目的制约因素---存在着破坏环境的潜在危险等，并提出了解决方法。     

农村工业污染的区域因素分析

文章在将中国的农村工业划分为低、中和高度污染行业的基础上,分析了农村工业各个行业增长分布和结构变化。研究发现,农村工业发展对环境的压力是趋于减缓的,东部地区农村工业各个行业的份额在全国都居于主导地位,而且还保持着较快的增长速度,因此,全国农村工业污染治理的重点要放在东部地区。从区域内部来看,东部地区农村工业的低污染行业增长速度最快,高度污染行业下降的速度较慢;中部和西部地区的低污染行业增长较快,但同时高度污染行业也保持着较高的增长速度。因此,这两个区域更重要的是要降低高度污染行业的增长速度。     

Informing the Public About Uncertain Risks

Many problems arise in connection with the communication of risk information. In this article the content of the information communicated is taken as a starting-point for analyzing the risk communication process. We studied the way in which authorities communicated health risks to local residents in Dutch soil pollution situations and found that communication problems were characterized more by misunderstanding and conflict between parties with different views and interests than by a lack of understanding. Therefore, it is important to look more closely at the way the communicators of information (in our cases, officials) select risk information from risk assessments, and to study the effects that the information selected has on the receivers (in our cases, residents). Both the process of selection by the officials and the process of interpretation by the residents will be shown to be influenced by the different institutional backgrounds. The article presents a new approach to risk communication. Both the risk information presented by the authorities and the public reactions to this risk information are considered to reflect the institutional background of authorities and residents, and can be analyzed in these terms. Such an approach has consequences for the study of risk communication and the manner in which it is practiced.     

山西水资源短缺的法律对策

水作为人类赖以生存的必要因素,已成为紧缺性资源,缺水问题成为我国乃至世界性问题。山西是中国严重缺水的省份之一。从考察山西省的缺水现状出发,通过分析其原因,法律的层面提出了应贯彻执行节约用水、水价交易、水环境影响评价和实施兴水战略,以期缓解山西的缺水危机。     

Estimating the Risks of Smoking, Air Pollution, and Passive Smoke on Acute Respiratory Conditions

Five years of the annual Health Interview Survey, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, are used to estimate the effects of air pollution, smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory restrictions in activity for adults, and bed disability for children. After adjusting for several socioeconomic factors, the multiple regression estimates indicate that an independent and statistically significant association exists between these three forms of air pollution and respiratory morbidity. The comparative risks of these exposures are computed and the plausibility of the relative risks is examined by comparing the equivalent doses with actual measurements of exposure taken in the homes of smokers. The results indicate that: (1) smokers will have a 55-75% excess in days with respiratory conditions severe enough to cause reductions in normal activity; (2) a 1 microgram increase in fine particulate matter air pollution is associated with a 3% excess in acute respiratory disease; and (3) a pack-a-day smoker will increase respiratory restricted days for a nonsmoking spouse by 20% and increase the number of bed disability days for young children living in the household by 20%. The results also indicate that the estimates of the effects of secondhand smoking on children are improved when the mother's work status is known and incorporated into the exposure estimate.     

论环境侵权民事责任的构成要件

对《民法通则》第124条和《环境保护法》第41条的误读,引发了我国环境法学界环境侵权民事责任构成要件的“违法性肯定论”与“违法性否定论”之争。上述两款法条,前者规范超标排污行为所导致的环境损害救济,其民事责任成立的“门槛”较高,但救济对象较广。后者则降低了环境侵权民事责任的“标准”,但缩小了救济对象。两者为环境污染的受害人提供了不同的救济途径,在司法实践中,应由法院根据个案选择适用。     

Cd、Pb单一污染对龙须草干物质积累的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了Cd、Pb单一污染对龙须草生长全期干物质积累的影响。结果表明,在成熟期以前,Cd、Pb低浓度(不高于5mgCd/kg土)刺激能够促进龙须草植株干物质积累,高浓度(不低于200mgPb/kg土)刺激对龙须草干物质积累有抑制作用。被Cd、Pb污染的龙须草在成熟期时干物质积累总量比前一时期略微减小。Cd、Pb的临界浓度分别为5mgCd/kg土和200mgPb/kg土,表明龙须草干物质积累对Cd污染较Pb污染敏感。     

用动态规划模型求解最短路问题的研究

动态规划法是求解具有多阶段的最短路径的算法,本文以动态规划理论为指导,研究了铺设管道最短路问题实例,采用顺序递推法和逆序递推法两种解决方法,并用LINGO软件编程得到结果.     

Regression Modelling of Disease Risk in Relation to Point Sources

We describe a class of models for the investigation of possible raised risk of disease around putative sources of environmental pollution. An adaptation of the point process method suggested by Diggle and Rowlingson is presented, allowing the use of routinely available aggregated data and incorporating the more general distance–risk model suggested by Elliott and co-workers. An application to data on cancers of the stomach around municipal solid waste incinerators is presented.     

Testing lack of symmetry in spatial–temporal processes

Symmetry and separability of a covariance function are common assumptions to simplify the modeling effort of spatial–temporal processes. However, many studies in environmental sciences show that real data have complex spatial–temporal dependency structures resulting from lack of symmetry or violation of other standard assumptions of the covariance function. In this study, we propose new formal tests for lack of symmetry by using spectral representations of the spatial–temporal covariance functions of regularly spaced spatial–temporal data. The advantage of the proposed tests is that classical analysis of variance (ANOVA) models can be used for detecting lack of symmetry inherent in spatial–temporal processes. We evaluate the performance of the tests with simulation studies and we apply them to air pollution data.