Review of Radon and Lung Cancer Risk

Radon, a long-established cause of lung cancer in uranium and other underground miners, has recently emerged as a potentially important cause of lung cancer in the general population. The evidence for widespread exposure of the population to radon and the well-documented excess of lung cancer among underground miners exposed to radon decay products have raised concern that exposure to radon progeny might also be a cause of lung cancer in the general population. To date, epidemiological data on the lung cancer risk associated with environmental exposure to radon have been limited. Consequently, the lung cancer hazard posed by radon exposure in indoor air has been addressed primarily through risk estimation procedures. The quantitative risks of lung cancer have been estimated using exposure-response relations derived from the epidemiological investigations of uranium and other underground miners. We review five of the more informative studies of miners and recent risk projection models for excess lung cancer associated with radon. The principal models differ substantially in their underlying assumptions and consequently in the resulting risk projections. The resulting diversity illustrates the substantial uncertainty that remains concerning the most appropriate model of the temporal pattern of radon-related lung cancer. Animal experiments, further follow-up of the miner cohorts, and well-designed epidemiological studies of indoor exposure should reduce this uncertainty.     

Stakeholder participation for sustainable waste management

Inadequate environmental sanitation in many cities is a major cause of diseases and is a drain on the economy by way of lost workdays, cost of treatment and cleanup activities. Municipal authorities and policymakers need to act fast to address this issue. Sustainable waste management provides a comprehensive inter-disciplinary framework for addressing the problems of managing urban solid waste, in the resource constrained developing countries where quality of such services are poor and costs are high often with no effective means of recovering them. Upgrading the coverage of waste management and services and increasing their efficiency is a precondition for improving the environmental quality of cities. This paper highlights the fact that the involvement and participation of all the stakeholders such as the waste generators, waste processors, formal and informal agencies, non-governmental organisations and financing institutions is a key factor for the sustainable waste management.     

论协商民主的实质与路径选择

协商民主把协商从政治手段上升为制度安排,把协商主体从精英扩展为广大公民,促使现代民主从注重偏好的聚集转向注重偏好的具体形成过程,是一种更具有实质民主意义的新型民主形态。协商民主体现了社会主义民主的本质要求,我们应该积极探索协商民主的有效实现形式,为构建社会主义和谐社会服务。     

Managing Technological and Environmental Risks in Japan

This paper is primarily concerned with environmental risks arising from utilizing modern technology. Our attention focuses on the interface between policy decisions and regulatory measures. The interface involves not only science and technology but also politics and social values, and perceptions which are deeply rooted in the industrial countries. A case of setting air quality standards and regulatory practices in Japan is studied on the basis of scientific and technological knowledge, economic cost, and subjective judgment of what constitutes an acceptable level of risk or health hazard.     

矿藏是环境吗?--对修改《环境保护法》的一点管见

开展环境保护法的立法研究,一定要对环境这一核心概念予以准确理解.现行环保法中将"矿藏"纳入环境,本文认为这是不够科学的,应当从环境中予以分离,使环境的概念更加严谨和规范.     

我国第三部门制度变迁中的路径依赖与创新

建国以来,我国第三部门的发展大体上经历了三个不同的历程。这三个阶段的逐渐演进可以理解为一场制度变迁,是在制度环境不断变化下形成的新的制度均衡。在我国第三部门的制度变迁中不可避免地存在着路径依赖问题,延缓了我国第三部门的健康发展。因此,针对路径依赖中的制约因素有选择地进行路径创新,可以有力地推进我国第三部门的制度变迁进程,为第三部门的发展营造更有利的环境。     

直通通信技术研究

在超级并行处理、人工神经网络和分布式计算机等系统中，在任意两结点间建立无需中间节点参与的直接的物理通路，实现消息的直接传输，将彻底解决这些系统中结点间通信的大时延问题。这种被称为直通的技术将为这些系统的研究和开发提供强有力的支持     

安徽省可持续发展过程中资源与环境问题研究

论述了资源、环境与社会可持续发展的辩证关系,概述了安徽省自然资源和生态环境的特点和现状,即资源丰富,种类齐全,但供需形势严峻,生态环境脆弱;随着资源的开发利用产生了水土流失、旱涝灾害、地面塌陷和水环境污染等严重的生态环境破坏问题,提出了合理开发利用自然资源,积极保护生态环境,实现安徽社会经济可持续发展的具体建议与对策。     

环境公平下绿色GDP的测算模型

作者给出了一个测算绿色GDP的有效模型 ,并对模型中的每个调整项进行了具体的分析 ,同时也给出了它们具体的计算方法     

二元结构制度变迁与“城中村”改造——兼论西安市“城中村”改造

在城市化过程中,二元结构制度是城中村产生的根源,村民是二元结构制度的直接受益者,由于利益的驱使,这种既定的制度安排产生了路径依赖,村民存在抵制城中村改造的情绪,但二元结构制度存在非效率的状态,政府为了促进城市经济的发展,提升城市的竞争力,必须由政府作为行动主体对二元结构制度实行强制性的变迁,变迁中要维护农民的利益,避免不稳定的社会因素发生。