Multicriteria decision support in local energy planning: An evaluation of alternative scenarios for the Sustainable Energy Action Plan

One of the major challenges for the implementation of local energy planning is the successful development of a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) by the local authorities (especially within the framework of their participation to the Covenant of Mayors’ initiative). This aspect constitutes a decision making problem, since the local authorities have to identify the best fields of actions and opportunities for reaching their long-term CO₂ reduction target. However, the already available methods and tools do not offer an integrated framework for the SEAPs’ development and especially the selection of sustainable Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Rational Use of Energy (RUE) technologies. In this context, the aim of this paper is to present a participatory supportive framework for the implementation of local energy planning. At the first level, the proposed approach incorporates the development of alternative Scenarios of Actions (using knowledge-based process, participatory approach and aspiration level). At the second level, a direct and transparent multicriteria decision support is introduced, in order to evaluate the feasible Scenarios. It includes the application of a multicriteria ordinal regression approach and an extreme ranking analysis method for the estimation of the best and worst possible ranking position of each Scenario. The results from the pilot appraisal of the methodological approach to a “real” problem are presented and discussed. The adopted approach contributes to the selection of the most appropriate combination of RES/RUE actions, supporting in this way the local authorities to the development of their SEAP.     

Management of Energy Technology for Sustainability: How to Fund Energy Technology Research and Development

Operations management methods have been applied profitably to a wide range of technology portfolio management problems, but have been slow to be adopted by governments and policy makers. We develop a framework that allows us to apply such techniques to a large and important public policy problem: energy technology R&D portfolio management under climate change. We apply a multi‐model approach, implementing probabilistic data derived from expert elicitations into a novel stochastic programming version of a dynamic integrated assessment model. We note that while the unifying framework we present can be applied to a range of models and data sets, the specific results depend on the data and assumptions used and therefore may not be generalizable. Nevertheless, the results are suggestive, and we find that the optimal technology portfolio for the set of projects considered is fairly robust to different specifications of climate uncertainty, to different policy environments, and to assumptions about the opportunity cost of investing. We also conclude that policy makers would do better to over‐invest in R&D rather than under‐invest. Finally, we show that R&D can play different roles in different types of policy environments, sometimes leading primarily to cost reduction, other times leading to better environmental outcomes.     

双寡头电力市场垂直合作减排的随机微分对策模型

考虑单电网公司与双发电商所组成的渠道结构,构建了发电商投资减排、电网公司投资消纳的优势互补的异质型垂直合作减排的随机微分对策模型,先后考察并比较了分散决策和集成决策下的反馈均衡结果。在此基础上,讨论了利润共享契约下系统增量利润的分配问题。研究表明：对于分散决策,电网公司选择性承担发电商的减排费用;两种决策下的发电商减排和电网公司购电价格以及分散决策下的减排补贴与发电商之间的减排竞争强度相关;在一定条件和范围内,合作博弈有利于提高电网公司购电电价,同时为此所带来的风险增大。     

中国2007绿色能源投入产出表编制及应用分析

基于最新的全国42部门投入产出表,创新性地编制出2007年全国能源投入产出表、全国绿色能源投入产出表,并在此基础上通过分析比较两表间的影响力系数、感应度系数及能源部门环境成本弹性系数,结果表明:煤炭开采业、石油开采业、火电业和炼焦业对其他部门的制约程度更大;石油开采业、石油加工业、火电业和炼焦业对其他生产部门的“拉动”作用明显下降;天然气开采业的感应度系数和影响力系数有明显改善;煤炭开采业、石油开采业、火电业和石油加工业的生产成本受环境治理成本变化影响较大.鉴此,提出中国“十二五”期间能源产业结构调整的有关政策建议.     

陕西能源资源产业指标对资源税调整的响应态势拟合

对所筛选出的能源资源的有关指标进行相关性分析,辨识出与资源税相关性较高的指标,进而对其进行Granger因果检验.甄别出与资源税因果关系可能性较大的变量,基于Eviews平台,通过实验进行线性曲线拟合,对这些因变量构造拟合方程,并对拟合结果进行检验.研究显示,分别构造全省煤炭采选业新增固定资产投资、规模以上煤炭采选业工业总产值、规模以上煤炭采选业工业销售产值、石油消费量、单位GDP能源消耗五个拟合方程能够较好地模拟对资源税变动的响应关系,进而为预判资源税调整后可能对能源资源产业发展所带来的变化和为采取相应的对策提供定量化的决策依据.     

对中国各地区能源强度空间影响的实证研究

运用莫兰指数考察了地区能源强度的空间自相关性,并在能源要素禀赋差距指标和地理邻近矩阵的基础上创建了一个空间计量权重矩阵。通过Matlab7.0的空间计量工具箱,分别运用空间滞后面板数据模型和空间误差面板数据模型对中国地区间能源强度的空间效应进行了实证检验,结果证明了空间聚集效应的存在,邻近地区的能源强度确实会对目标地区的能源强度产生影响。     

二氧化碳约束下中国主要工业省区的能源技术效率

基于方向性环境距离函数,选择中国13个主要工业省区2002--2009年数据,对C02约束下各省区在规模报酬不变（CRS）和规模报酬可变（VRS）两模型下的能源技术效率进行测算。研究发现：总体上在考虑了CO2约束后,中国主要工业省区在生产前沿上的数目增多与测算所得能源技术效率明显高于不考虑有CO2的情形;VRS下得到的能源技术效率高于CRS下的效率;在最大化减少要素投入和C02的同时,增加期望产出得到的效率值最高,而只考虑个别变量所得效率值表现出普遍的无效率性;加快经济增长方式转变,调整产业结构、能源结构和绿色能源技术开发已成为工业发展的必然选择。     

理性习惯偏好与居民消费行为

 经济体制改革以来,随着经济的持续快速增长中国城镇居民已经习惯于生活水平不断提高。在这样的环境中,如果一个家庭当年消费的数量和上一年相同,其幸福感就会打折扣;另一方面,消费还具有外部性,如果与他人相比自己的消费水平降低了,消费者的效用也会受到损失。因此,理性消费者的决策目标是保持消费长期稳定增长而不仅仅是消费在各个时期的均匀分配。利用1978-2008年中国26个省（直辖市）的城镇住户调查数据得到的实证分析结果显示：消费者的习惯偏好与制度环境有关。受传统计划体制影响,1990前中国城镇居民的习惯偏好具有明显的“短视”特征。1990-2008年的估计结果则支持了理性习惯形成假设。即内部习惯形成导致了边际消费倾向明显下降,并且消费攀比是理性的。     

中国外债观察：货币政策值得关注

 本文通过将十年来中国外债余额及变化量与国际收支主要项目的贸易进出口、外商来华直接投资和货币供应量（M2）之间的关系进行量化相关性分析,发现M2与外债的相关性更为明显,而非通常认为的进出口或直接投资,并进而得出需更加关注货币政策与外债之间联系的结论。这对我国外债管理实践提供了一个新的视角和参考。同时,由于目前外债数据披露还不充分,相关研究还有待进一步深化。     

Residual analysis for spatial point processes (with discussion)

Summary.  We define residuals for point process models fitted to spatial point pattern data, and we propose diagnostic plots based on them. The residuals apply to any point process model that has a conditional intensity; the model may exhibit spatial heterogeneity, interpoint interaction and dependence on spatial covariates. Some existing ad hoc methods for model checking (quadrat counts, scan statistic, kernel smoothed intensity and Berman's diagnostic) are recovered as special cases. Diagnostic tools are developed systematically, by using an analogy between our spatial residuals and the usual residuals for (non-spatial) generalized linear models. The conditional intensity λ plays the role of the mean response. This makes it possible to adapt existing knowledge about model validation for generalized linear models to the spatial point process context, giving recommendations for diagnostic plots. A plot of smoothed residuals against spatial location, or against a spatial covariate, is effective in diagnosing spatial trend or co-variate effects. Q – Q -plots of the residuals are effective in diagnosing interpoint interaction.