A Five-Decision Testing Procedure to Infer the Value of a Unidimensional Parameter

ABSTRACT

A statistical test can be seen as a procedure to produce a decision based on observed data, where some decisions consist of rejecting a hypothesis (yielding a significant result) and some do not, and where one controls the probability to make a wrong rejection at some prespecified significance level. Whereas traditional hypothesis testing involves only two possible decisions (to reject or not a null hypothesis), Kaiser’s directional two-sided test as well as the more recently introduced testing procedure of Jones and Tukey, each equivalent to running two one-sided tests, involve three possible decisions to infer the value of a unidimensional parameter. The latter procedure assumes that a point null hypothesis is impossible (e.g., that two treatments cannot have exactly the same effect), allowing a gain of statistical power. There are, however, situations where a point hypothesis is indeed plausible, for example, when considering hypotheses derived from Einstein’s theories. In this article, we introduce a five-decision rule testing procedure, equivalent to running a traditional two-sided test in addition to two one-sided tests, which combines the advantages of the testing procedures of Kaiser (no assumption on a point hypothesis being impossible) and Jones and Tukey (higher power), allowing for a nonnegligible (typically 20%) reduction of the sample size needed to reach a given statistical power to get a significant result, compared to the traditional approach.     

Modified Wald statistics for generalized linear models

Summary: Wald statistics in generalized linear models are asymptotically ² distributed. The asymptotic chi–squared law of the corresponding quadratic form shows disadvantages with respect to the approximation of the finite–sample distribution. It is shown by means of a comprehensive simulation study that improvements can be achieved by applying simple finite–sample size approximations to the distribution of the quadratic form in generalized linear models. These approximations are based on a ² distribution with an estimated degree of freedom that generalizes an approach by Patnaik and Pearson. Simulation studies confirm that nominal level is maintained with higher accuracy compared to the Wald statistics.     

Convexity-based clustering criteria: theory,algorithms, and applications in statistics

This paper deals with the construction of optimum partitions of for a clustering criterion which is based on a convex function of the class centroids as a generalization of the classical SSQ clustering criterion for n data points. We formulate a dual optimality problem involving two sets of variables and derive a maximum-support-plane (MSP) algorithm for constructing a (sub-)optimum partition as a generalized k-means algorithm. We present various modifications of the basic criterion and describe the corresponding MSP algorithm. It is shown that the method can also be used for solving optimality problems in classical statistics (maximizing Csiszárs -divergence) and for simultaneous classification of the rows and columns of a contingency table.     

对外贸易隐含SO2测算及影响因素的结构分解分析

 本研究根据中国2002、2005、2007年非竞争型投入产出表、OECD的国外投入产出表和GTAP Version 7.0的SO2排放强度等数据,利用多国投入产出模型方法测算了中国对外贸易中隐含SO2,相关的行业结构分布以及隐含污染物在主要贸易伙伴国的贸易流向,并通过结构分解方法分析了三大因素对出口贸易隐污染物的贡献大小。研究结果表明：2002年至2007年间,我国对外贸易创造了巨大贸易顺差,同时也带来了大量隐含SO2顺差;迅速增长的贸易规模是出口贸易隐含污染物增加的主要因素,但是,环境保护和节能减排技术改进导致的SO2排放强度下降抑制出口贸易隐含SO2增加,而投入产出中间结构变化对其影响较小。     

存在自相关时检验和估计方法的改进——基于自回归分布滞后模型的自相关检验和参数估计

存在自相关时的自相关检验和参数估计是基础计量经济学的一个重要内容,并且存在自相关时的原模型已转化为自回归分布滞后模型。讨论存在自相关时的自相关检验和参数估计问题,提出了一种基于自回归分布滞后模型的自相关检验法,并同时给出了相应的参数估计。     

中国区域环境库兹涅茨曲线的稳定性检验——基于省际面板数据

在运用F和Hausman统计检验识别环境库兹涅茨面板模型形式的基础上,选择合理的面板模型估计、检验中国30个省份环境库兹涅茨曲线的稳定性.研究结果表明:环境库兹涅茨曲线的稳定性与经济发展水平较高的地区相关性较强,与经济发展水平较低的地区相关性较弱.工业粉尘、烟尘、二氧化硫排放量估计的环境库兹涅茨曲线稳定性相对较好,工业废水、固体废物排放量估计的环境库兹涅茨曲线稳定性相对较差.在环境保护政策的约束下,除北京、上海以外,其他地区环境库兹涅茨曲线的拐点时间具有刚性特征.     

Parametric Modeling for Survival with Competing Risks and Masked Failure Causes

We consider a life testing situation in which systems are subject to failure from independent competing risks. Following a failure, immediate (stage-1) procedures are used in an attempt to reach a definitive diagnosis. If these procedures fail to result in a diagnosis, this phenomenon is called masking. Stage-2 procedures, such as failure analysis or autopsy, provide definitive diagnosis for a sample of the masked cases. We show how stage-1 and stage-2 information can be combined to provide statistical inference about (a) survival functions of the individual risks, (b) the proportions of failures associated with individual risks and (c) probability, for a specified masked case, that each of the masked competing risks is responsible for the failure. Our development is based on parametric distributional assumptions and the special case for which the failure times for the competing risks have a Weibull distribution is discussed in detail.     

ZrO_2对介孔CuO/CeO_2催化剂催化富氢气体中优先氧化CO反应的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成介孔CeO2-ZrO2复合载体、浸渍法负载CuO制备出介孔12%CuO/CeO2-ZrO2催化剂,将其应用于富氢气体中CO的优先氧化反应。通过BET、XRD、TPR等技术表征,考察了12%CuO/CeO2-ZrO2催化剂的结构性质。活性评价结果表明,添加10%ZrO2催化剂的CO优先氧化性能良好,氧化活性高低与ZrO2的含量有关。     

从词块理论看英语语言测试

词块是二语习得的有效语言单位,尤其是在口语和写作方面更具有积极作用,这也是当代词块研究的主流。语言测试是检测语言输出的重要手段,因而语言测试与词块在某种程度上必定存在一定联系。本文试从语言测试的领域探讨词块的作用及其影响。     

对B_2H_6、B_3H_5和B_4H_6分子结构的对比研究

为了正确理解氢桥键的本质,采用MP2/6-31＋＋（D,P）方法对B2H6,B3H5和B4H6分子的结构进行了研究。比较了这3种分子中处于分子平面上下方的两个氢原子的距离变化引起的各原子带电情况的变化图和分子轨道图,结果显示,在某种程度上,B3H5和B4H6中分子平面上下方的两个氢原子具有类似B2H6分子中两个桥氢原子的性质,并在此基础上通过B2H6,B3H5和B4H6的分子轨道图得出了这3种分子中的氢桥键结构均可以看成π键电子云吸附两个带正电的质子构成的结论。