西部人口和计划生育工作面临的挑战

本文通过对西部人口和计划生育工作面临的矛盾和问题的分析,阐述了针对西部地区社会经济发展特点,如何推进人口和计划生育工作。     

家庭人口老化对碳排放的影响——基于家庭微观视角的实证研究

人口老龄化和全球气候变暖已经成为世界各国共同关注的议题。在我国人口老龄化日益加剧、环境问题也逐渐引起社会各界广泛关注的背景下,家庭层面人口老化与碳排放之间关系值得深入研究。文章从微观家庭结构出发,对家庭内部人口老化与碳排放之间关系进行理论分析,利用中国家庭金融调查数据库(CHFS)2013年的截面数据对人口老化与碳排放的关系进行实证研究。研究结果表明家庭的老化特征与家庭碳排放之间呈现负相关,家庭的老化特征有助于减轻家庭的碳排放水平,老年人与年轻人共同生活的主干家庭更加"节能环保",这一结论与人们的一般感性认识有所不同。因此,应当鼓励年轻人与老年人共同居住,通过老年人的生活方式和消费习惯影响家庭的消费行为和消费结构,使家庭朝着节约环保型转变。本文的结论同时也表明人口老龄化产生的并非都是消极影响,其对社会的影响需要进行全面评估以积极应对老龄社会的到来。     

Modernization process and fertility change in pre- and post-Islamic Revolution of Iran

The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the possible causal links between modernization forces and fertility patterns of the Iranian provinces during three time periods, 1966, 1976 and 1986. A modernization scale was constructed using Iranian census data. Six indicators of industrialization, urbanization and universal education were used to develop the scale. The ratio of children under 5 years per women 15 to 44 years old was used as a measure of fertility. The findings show that modernization has proceeded upward in an almost consistent pattern in all the provinces during 1966–1986. The Islamic Revolution and Iran-Iraq War not only did not disrupt the modernization trend, it seems that both events accelerated the rate of change. The modernization indicators, individually and collectively, were significantly and inversely correlated with fertility ratios. However, the fertility ratios of the provinces substantially increased in the decade of 1976 to 1986. Our thesis is that the elimination of the national family planning program which happened in the early part of the post-Islamic Revolution had significant effect on the fertility increase of the period 1976 to 1986. The current active family planning program of the Islamic Republic of Iran suggests that the fertility rate of Iran, very likely, will decline in the near future if the current modernization trend and fertility regulation policy continue.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 22nd General Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Montreal, Canada, 24 August 1993.     

妇女参与计划生育，促进西部大开发战略实施

本文通过对我国西部人口与计生现状分析,提出通过计生“三结合”等多种形式,促进广大西部妇女参与计划生育,最终实现为西部大开发战略实施提供良好的人口环境。     

新时期中国妇女生育水平与社会地位的发展与变化

国家计生委“计划生育家庭发展与变化”课题组在全国五省“五省一市”对6300多户、2.3万余人进行的选点问卷调查结果充分表明,实行计划生育,有效地降低妇女的生育水平,有利于推进我国妇女婚育行为的积极变化,有利于改善妇女和儿童的健康和教育状况,提高妇女的社会地位。     

The effects of monetized food aid on reproductive behavior in rural Honduras

This article presents research findings on the question of whether the monetization of non-emergency food aid has adversely influenced national family planning program efforts in Honduras. Women receiving food aid in the form of cash coupons are compared in the study with women receiving food rations and a third group of women with similar characteristics who were not food aid recipients on three types of outcomes: recent fertility, fertility preferences, and contraceptive use. The health facilities where study subjects received health/family planning services and food aid benefits were also compared to assess possible adverse cross-program effects on family planning service delivery. A sample selection model was used in the analysis to control for unobserved differences between comparison groups. No compelling evidence for adverse demand- or supply-side effects of monetized food aid on family planning efforts was observed. The most striking study finding was the extremely high level of unmet need for family planning.     

土地制度创新与欠发达地区农村的人口控制

本文主要研究了土地产权制度安排与计生工作的相关性,首先从定点调研社区的人地关系矛盾入手;然后,回顾了不同的土地制度对人口发展的相关性影响,重点阐述土地产权制度控制人口的工作机理,分析社区目前和未来影响土地产权制度发挥控制人口作用的因素;最后,从制度创新的功能和作用的角度,提出完善人口控制机制的建议和措施。     

构建和谐社会中的政策协调问题——以计划生育为例

授利、造福、方便于民的普惠性惠民政策是构建和谐社会的主要手段。但惠民政策的政策过程不尽完善,以致若干惠民政策在一定程度上形成了不利于基本国策执行的导向。这其中尤以计划生育政策受到的影响最突出。文章列举若干惠民政策,总结其对计划生育政策带来的不利影响,并根据和谐社会"公平正义"的目标从政策过程理论角度分析了这种现象的制度成因:未建立有效的政策协调机制,以致"国家义务部门化",基本国策的主要执行部门在这些政策的制定和实施中参与力度不够。在借鉴国内外惠民政策协调经验的基础上,建议建立以"国策上位、区别优惠"为特征的基本国策协调机制,从惠民政策制定和实施的各个方面强化基本国策主要执行部门的参与。     

对中国县区级计生机构优质服务中社会性别公平程度的探索性研究——基于对M县计划生育管理与服务机构的调查

为探索中国县区级计划生育/生殖健康机构在优质服务体现社会性别公平的程度,对M优质服务项目县的计划生育管理和服务机构进行了2次共9组典型组专题讨论调查。结果表明,在优质服务目标群体的权益保障和责任分担方面,服务领域明显拓宽,社会性别公平程度有了一定改善。但是由于传统计划生育管理模式与服务观念的影响,计生机构主要关注已婚育龄妇女的权益和风险,未婚、更年期女性和男性的生殖健康服务仍然存在欠缺。在两性共同责任分担方面,男性分担避孕生育责任的趋势开始出现,但现有服务资源与规范仍制约着男性参与的程度。     

吉林省流动人口计划生育管理与服务工作现状的调查报告

流动人口计划生育管理和服务工作是新时期人口和计划生育工作的重要组成部分,也是目前人口和计划生育工作的难点和薄弱环节。全面了解目前吉林省流动人口计划生育工作现状、分析存在的各种问题,利于加强和改进吉林省流动人口计划生育工作管理和服务能力。