The Use of Switching Point and Protection Levels to Improve Revenue Performance in Order‐Driven Production Systems

In a multiproduct order‐driven production system, an organization has to decide how to selectively accept orders and allocate capacity to these orders so as to maximize total profit (TP). In this article, we incorporate the novel concept of switching point in developing three capacity‐allocation with switching point heuristics (CASP_a‐c). Our analysis indicates that all three CASP heuristics outperform the first‐come‐first‐served model and Barut and Sridharan's dynamic capacity‐allocation process (DCAP) model. The best model, CASP_b, has an 8% and 6% average TP improvement over DCAP using the split lot and whole lot policies, respectively. In addition, CASP_b performs particularly well under operating conditions of tight capacity and large price differences between product classes. The introduction of a switching point, which has not been found in previous capacity‐allocation heuristics, provides for a better balance between forward and backward allocation of available capacity and plays a significant role in improving TP.     

The Working Families’ Tax Credit and Some European Tax Reforms in A Collective Setting

A framework for simplified implementation of the collective model of labor supply decisions is presented in the context of fiscal reforms in the UK. Through its collective form the model accounts for the well known problem of distribution between wallet and purse, a broadly debated issue which has so far been impossible to model due to the limitations of the unitary model of household behavior. A calibrated data set is used to model the effects of introducing two forms of the Working Families’ Tax Credit. We also summarize results of estimations and calibrations obtained using the same methodology on data from five other European countries. The results underline the importance of taking account of the intrahousehold decision process and suggest that who receives government transfers does matter from the point of view of labor supply and welfare of household members. They also highlight the need for more research into models of household behavior.

基本公共服务、财政分权与县域经济发展

本文以经济增长、产业结构升级、城乡收入收敛为县域经济发展的主要衡量指标,同时在考虑地区异质性特征的基础上,实证研究基本公共服务和财政分权对县域经济发展的影响。基于河南省108个县2005-2015年面板数据,使用动态空间计量模型及面板数据模型的实证结果显示：从整体上看,基本公共服务水平提升与财政分权有助于县域经济发展;从按财政属性进行县域分类的视角看,上述支撑作用主要表现在不具有特殊财政属性的普通县层面;从按经济水平分类视角看,这种支撑作用主要作用于经济基础好的中心县与经济落后的农区县;从按地理位置分类视角看,临近市辖区的县更好的发挥了上述支撑作用,形成了依托市辖区发展的“溢出效应”。     

唐代户部别贮钱的设置

唐代户部别贮钱设置于德宗贞元四年二月辛巳 ,但有一个酝酿和后续过程。设置之初 ,其钱源有六项 :中外给用除陌钱、缺官俸料钱、外官缺官职田钱、现任外官一分职田钱、停额内官俸料钱和停刺史执刀、司马军事钱。户部别贮钱与青苗钱应有渊源关系 ,也有区别。户部别贮钱的设置有多方面的意义。     

Discrete choice models of labour supply,behavioural microsimulation and the Spanish tax reforms

The aim of the present study is to show the potential of behavioural microsimulation models as powerful tools for the ex ante evaluation of public policies. We analyse the impact of recent Spanish income tax reforms upon efficiency and household and social welfare and study the effects of various (basic-income and vital-minimum) flat tax schemes. The analysis is performed using a microsimulation model in which labour supply is explicitly taken into account. Instead of following the traditional continuous approach (Hausman, Labour supply, Aaron and Pechman (eds.), How Taxes Affect Economic Behaviour, The Brooking Institution, Washington, DC, 1981; Econometrica, 53: 1255–1282, 1985; Taxes and labour supply, Auerbach and Feldstein, (eds.), Handbook of Public Economics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, vol. 1, 1979), we estimate the direct utility function employing the methodology proposed by Aaberge et al. (Scand. J. Econ., 97: 635–659, 1995) and Van Soest (J. Hum. Resour., 30: 63–88, 1995). We maintain population heterogeneity by applying a social welfare analysis to the complete sample, rather than merely focusing on the active population. The source of our data is a sample of Spanish individuals in the 1995 wave of the EC Household Panel. We find that the redistribution policies considered have only had a minor impact on economic efficiency but, by contrast, have significantly affected social welfare. An erratum to this article can be found at     

中国的财政支出与城乡收入差距

 当前我国城乡收入差距正呈现日益扩大的趋势,导致出现这种局面的原因是多方面的,其中,政府的财政投入不足是一个重要方面。但政府增加财政支出是否能有效引导农民收入增长并缩小城乡收入差距呢？我们采用动态面板数据模型和系统广义矩(system-GMM)估计方法的研究表明,这取决于地方政府在追求本地GDP高速增长的政绩最大化条件下,利用自身财政自主权所选择的不同支出结构——在财政分权的背景下,即使财政投入总量增加了,城乡收入差距也未必会缩小,只有倾向于农业投入以及科教文卫支出增加的政府财政支出结构才能有效减轻城乡收入差距。     

金融危机下政府财政对就业的影响及作用研究——以印度与俄罗斯两国的做法为启示

就业不仅是经济问题,还是政治问题和社会问题。尽管各国具体国情不同,但在解决就业问题上都采取了相似的财政支出措施。当前的世界性金融危机无疑给各国的就业带来了巨大的冲击。我国解决就业问题时,应对比和借鉴各国在就业财政支出上的成功做法和经验,从加大投入,增加就业岗位,完善就业服务,强化职业培训等方面入手,以期实现充分就业。     

Recurrent explosive public debts and the long-run fiscal sustainability

In this paper, the dynamics of debt-to-GDP ratio is analyzed for three countries with long fiscal records: Sweden, the UK and the US. A novel procedure of testing for recurrent explosive behavior is implemented in order to identify episodes of explosive debt dynamics. The detected periods of explosive debt growth can be attributed to changes in economic, political and institutional environment which required active policy responses subsequently followed by fiscal adjustments. The results of the study indicate that the long-run sustainability found for these countries in other studies can be interpreted as the outcome of fluctuating fiscal policies, some of which were unsustainable.     

Fraud survival in nonprofit organizations: Empirical evidence

This study examines the survival of nonprofit organizations after the discovery of a fraud. Literature on nonprofit fraud claims that fraud has a destructive impact on nonprofit organizations. This study is the first to provide empirical evidence of the impact of fraud on a nonprofit organization's survival, and to analyze the significance of underlying organizational and fraud factors. An analysis of 115 nonprofit organizations experiencing a fraud shows that over one fourth of these organizations did not survive at least 3 years beyond the publication of the fraud, a rate considerably higher than the typical nonprofit failure rate. This article investigates the characteristics of surviving organizations and finds that older and larger organizations are more likely to survive, indicating the liabilities of newness and smallness hold in fraud survival situations. In cases where an executive‐level perpetrator committed the fraud, or where the organization victimized the public, the organization was less likely to survive. These findings suggest nonprofit organizations, particularly those that are new or small, could benefit by implementing governance policies and procedures that are consistent with those employed by more established organizations.