税收与经济增长的关系研究--基于结构性减税的视角

面对2008年全球金融危机,我国于2009年将结构性减税作为应对金融危机的重要途径和手段,而这种结构性减税对经济增长的影响还存在着争论。文章利用1978-2010年的数据,通过时间序列的协整、误差修正模型及脉冲响应技术方法,对税收规模及结构对经济增长的影响进行了实证检验。结果表明,在短期,税收规模增加不利于经济增长;但从长期来看,所得税、流转税及税收总规模的增长都有助于促进经济增长。     

我国铸币税、财政赤字与资本外逃的实证分析

文章沿着一国政府通过征收铸币税弥补财政赤字,产生通货膨胀进而引发资本外逃这一机制,搜集并计算了我国相关变量的数据,通过实证分析具体阐述了我国资本外逃现象和财政赤字、铸币税之间的关系,基本证实了资本外逃和财政赤字、铸币税间存在着相互作用。     

中国的一般物价水平由财政政策决定吗?——对FTPL理论的实证检验

传统的货币数量论认为价格水平主要由货币政策决定。但自20世纪90年以来,价格水平的财政决定理论(FTPL)引起了人们对价格决定的重新思考。该理论强调财政政策对于价格水平的影响。如果财政盈余与政府的名义债务是独立的,价格水平由财政政策决定,这种财政制度称为非李嘉图制度;如果价格水平仍由货币政策决定,财政盈余对政府的名义债务做出调整以确保预算约束成立,此为李嘉图制度。本文结合FTPL理论的推论,利用向量自回归模型的脉冲响应函数对冲击的外生性假定和不同变量顺序下得到的脉冲响应所蕴含的不同经济学前提,对中国1979～2005年的数据进行了实证检验,发现李嘉图制度更符合中国实际,物价水平仍然是由货币当局决定,但财政政策对价格也有一定影响。     

论我国地方政府债务风险的四大成因

积极防范和化解地方政府债务风险的前提是对风险的成因做出系统、合理的分析,以便"对症下药"。基于此,本文对我国地方政府债务风险的形成机理做了初步的系统分析,认为,目前我国地方政府债务风险的形成与我国经济体制的转轨、财政体制的转换、现行地方政府债务管理制度改革的滞后以及市场经济风险性的逐步显现等四大因素密切相关。     

The role of deficit and debt in financing growth in West Africa

Empirical literature on debt–growth nexus and deficit-growth nexus indicate that government debt and fiscal deficit could have negative effects on economic growth after a certain threshold level. However, the impacts of debt and deficit on economic growth via the financial sector have not been thoroughly explored. Thus, this study examines the effects of debt and deficit on finance–growth nexus in West African region. It employs empirical strategies that account for various economic and econometrics issues. Evidence from the study reveals that the impact of financial development on growth varies with the levels of debt and deficit. Specifically, the marginal effects of financial development on growth turn negative when debt and deficit exceed the threshold levels of 48.6% and −13.5% of GDP, respectively. The implication of this study is that the financial sector is one of the channels through which debt and deficit exert their influences on economic growth. Thus, an increase in financial development would not produce the desirable long-run economic benefits unless it is accompanied by a reduction in government debt and fiscal deficit. Based on the findings, the study makes some policy recommendations.     

论社会风险应对中财政责任的限度

风险社会中,社会成员难以应对所有的社会风险,因此,政府需要承担一定的财政资金给付责任。政府参与社会风险应对的财政责任来源于社会公民权的行使,其法律属性是法定的保护义务,是社会基本权这一积极权利实现的保障。然而,如果应对社会风险的财政责任没有限度,就可能引发财政风险、甚至财政危机,同时也构成对国民财产权的过度侵害。基于均衡保护国民财产权与社会基本权的制度理念,财政责任必须以使公民享有免予匮乏的自由为限度。     

Improving Revenue Management Decision Making for Airlines by Evaluating Analyst‐Adjusted Passenger Demand Forecasts*

To maximize revenue, airline revenue management analysts (RMAs) attempt to protect the right number of seats for late‐booking, high‐revenue‐generating passengers from low‐valued leisure passengers. Simulation results in the past showed that a major airline can generate approximately $500 million per year through efficient RM operations. Accurate passenger demand forecasts are required, because reduced forecast error significantly improves revenue. RMAs often adjust the system forecasts to improve revenue opportunity. Analysis of system forecast performance and analyst adjustment is complex, because one must account for all unseen demands throughout the life of a flight. This article proposes a method to account for unseen demand and evaluate forecast performance (adjusted or unadjusted) through a forecast monitoring system. Initial results from one major airline's origin‐destination market data justify the value of RMA forecasting adjustments.     

Breaking the Stability Pact: Was it predictable?

We show analytically that the credibility problem which has affected the European Stability Pact originates from the insufficient distinction between two reasons for having binding fiscal constraints. The first reason deals with the governments’ tendency to neglect the effects of their fiscal policy on foreign governments (fiscal free-riding). The second reason follows from the governments’ tendency to raise debt by lowering taxes or increasing expenditures, and then to leave it to their successors (fiscal short-termism). An enforcement mechanism relying on governments’ collusion works if the fiscal constraints are not calibrated for curing fiscal short-termism but only for preventing fiscal free-riding.     

基本公共服务均等化:一个财政体制变迁的分析框架

基本公共服务非均等化已影响到经济、社会的可持续发展,其内在体制原因是公共财政体制运行不规范.分析政府间公共服务责任分工--财力分配安排--转移支付效果这样一个三位一体的基本框架,来验证造成基本公共服务非均等化的财政体制异化效应,从而设计出财政体制的变迁路径,形成可持续的基本公共服务财政支持机制,以逐步实现基本公共服务均等化.     

A Framework for Estimating Benefits of Using Auctions in Revenue Management*

We develop a stochastic model to explore the benefits of incorporating auctions in revenue management. To the best of our knowledge the extant literature on modeling in revenue management has not considered auctions. We consider three models, namely, a traditional fixed price (non‐auction) model, a pure auction model, and a hybrid auction model and evaluate their revenue performance under a variety of conditions. The hybrid approach outperforms the other two in all 24 scenarios and yields an average revenue increase of 16.1% over the next best. A surprise finding is that there is no significant difference between the performance of the fixed price and pure auction approaches. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the relative superiority of the hybrid revenue management strategy is reasonably robust.