论性别平等的宪法保护

随着社会的进步与发展，性别平等原则普遍进入各国宪法，中国也位列其中。但显性和隐性的性别歧视对实现真正意义上的男女平等提出了新的挑战。从宪法中，发现存在的问题，找到解决的措施是我们实现性别平等的根据，也是构建和谐社会的根本。     

宪法权利保障与执政党的行宪能力刍议

中国特色的宪法权利体系的初步形成为宪法权利的实现奠定了制度基础和价值观基础,然而现实中的公民宪法权利保障并不尽如人意.笔者从宪法权利实现中执政党的角色分析入手,阐发了执政党行宪能力的基本内涵,并对提升执政党的行宪能力进行了初步探索.     

Human Error Contribution in Collision and Grounding of Oil Tankers

The purpose of this article is to present a quantitative analysis of the human failure contribution in the collision and/or grounding of oil tankers, considering the recommendation of the “Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment” of the International Maritime Organization. Initially, the employed methodology is presented, emphasizing the use of the technique for human error prediction to reach the desired objective. Later, this methodology is applied to a ship operating on the Brazilian coast and, thereafter, the procedure to isolate the human actions with the greatest potential to reduce the risk of an accident is described. Finally, the management and organizational factors presented in the “International Safety Management Code” are associated with these selected actions. Therefore, an operator will be able to decide where to work in order to obtain an effective reduction in the probability of accidents. Even though this study does not present a new methodology, it can be considered as a reference in the human reliability analysis for the maritime industry, which, in spite of having some guides for risk analysis, has few studies related to human reliability effectively applied to the sector.     

Locating Gender Neutrality in Formal and Informal Aspects of Organizational Cultures

This article describes and analyzes the practices that conceal gender at work in the contexts of different organizational cultures. The case studies on which I base my discussion derive from clerical work in two organizational settings. The interpretation I suggest is that regardless of their sex, age or hierarchical position at work, employees regard gender as a personal and intimate issue that, with the exception of pay, does not belong to the sphere of work. Gender issues raise questions that disturb the preferred harmony in everyday life in workplaces. Consequently, the employees seemed to think that hierarchical differences are located in society at large, not in their own workplaces. The analysis shows that age, position and technology shaped differences not only between women and men in organizations, but also among female clerical workers. Thus the results relate both to the practical realities at work and to the gender identities of clerical employees in their organizational cultures.     

宪法基本权利有效实现的路径

保障公民的基本权利是重要的宪法问题。由于众多因素的影响,我国的权利观念比较薄弱,宪法文本规定的基本权利在现实中尚未完全实现。宪法基本权利的有效实现,关键在于在坚持正确理念的基础上,进行制度改革和创新。通过健全宪法实施和监督制度、完备基本权利立法、积极创新社会治理、依宪依法行使行政权力、对弱势群体权利进行倾斜性保护等路径使宪法基本权利得到有效实现。     

1923年《中华民国宪法》之横向国家权限特征研究

1923年《中华民国宪法》在横向国家权限的规定上,虽体现了立法、行政、司法三权分立的原则,但三权之间并非均衡而带有议会独大和总统有权无责的特征。议会独大主要表现在国会对总统、内阁和法院的权力多所限制,而总统、内阁和法院却很难制衡议会;总统有权无责主要表现总统享受广泛的权力,包括公布并监督法律执行权、人事任免权、武装统帅权、宣战权、缔结条约权、宣布戒严权、宣告免刑减刑及复权、停止国会会议权、解散众议院权、立法否决权等等,但当发生政府集体性政治事件内阁替总统承担整治责任。这种做法体现了时人在议会、总统与内阁关系上的积极探索,虽然还存在很多问题,但仍体现了限制行政权力的宪政理念。     

Information seeking in secondary schools: A multilevel network approach

In this study, we investigate information seeking interactions in secondary schools from a multilevel network approach. Based on network-related theories, we examine the facilitating role of formal subunits. We apply exponential random graph models for multilevel networks and summarize our findings by using a meta-analysis technique. Our results indicate that formal subunits (e.g. subject departments) can, to some extent, facilitate interactions, in loosely coupled organizations (e.g. secondary schools). Finally, this study shows that a multilevel network approach can provide a more informative representation of information seeking ties in knowledge-intensive organizations.     

汤寿潜佚著《宪法古义》考证

汤寿潜于1901年编撰出版的《宪法古义》是迄今所知我国近代中国人自己编撰、出版时间最早的一部宪法学著作,也是近代中国人以西方立宪民主为价值标准系统审视中国政治史、文化史的第一部专著。它集中体现了以汤寿潜为代表的东南立宪派的君主立宪主张及思想,具有十分重要的史料价值。     

孙中山集团与袁世凯的恩怨

孙中山集团属于共和立宪派，主张大权归议会、责任内阁、地方。袁世凯属于君主立宪派，主张大权归总统，议会仅供咨询，议员只是顾问，内阁是侍从，仅供奔走。双方是对立的。但在特殊情况下，也可以合作。合作是暂时的，冲突仍然难免。