Effect of reporting bias in the analysis of spontaneous reporting data

It is well‐known that a spontaneous reporting system suffers from significant under‐reporting of adverse drug reactions from the source population. The existing methods do not adjust for such under‐reporting for the calculation of measures of association between a drug and the adverse drug reaction under study. Often there is direct and/or indirect information on the reporting probabilities. This work incorporates the reporting probabilities into existing methodologies, specifically to Bayesian confidence propagation neural network and DuMouchel's empirical Bayesian methods, and shows how the two methods lead to biased results in the presence of under‐reporting. Considering all the cases to be reported, the association measure for the source population can be estimated by using only exposure information through a reference sample from the source population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Cultural Imperatives of Professionalism: Who's Protecting Whom?

What does it mean to be a professional therapist? This paper explores some of the personal and cultural pressures that influence how we see ourselves as professional therapists. It then explores how these pressures impact upon our capacity to protect children and ourselves.     

Bridging strategic planning and business model management – A formal control framework to manage business model portfolios and dynamics

Despite the increasing interest in the intersection between strategic planning and business model management, research and practice struggle to integrate the two activities. By applying a rationalist view and drawing on the formal control theory, we develop an integrated management framework that provides a conceptual model of how to achieve consistency between the relevant goal and the planning levels. Therefore, we decompose the complex organizational activities into the level strategy, business model portfolio, tactics, and operations. For each level, we specify the formal activities and objectives and elaborate how the levels determine each other. Furthermore, we explain how higher and lower level formal control loops ensure alignment and that the appropriate level of the organization responds to changes in the environment. Finally, we discuss how these formal control mechanisms allow for proficient management of the dynamics inherent in strategy and business model management.     

虚假财务报告法律责任产生之理论分析

法律义务是产生法律责任的前提。财务报告法律责任是在信息义务人没有恰当履行财务报告义务时产生的。提供真实而完整的财务报告,是企业管理当局受托责任的内在要求,也是股东股权的要求。为保护资财提供者的利益,促进资本市场发展,目前各国均采用强制性信息披露制度,并追究虚假陈述的法律责任,对提供虚假财务报告的行为加以惩罚     

中国农地制度 70 年变革:以正式制度与非正式制度为分析框架

审视中国农地制度 70 年的变革,正式制度与非正式制度无疑提供了一个可行的分析框架。土地改革、合作化运动、人民公社化和家庭联产承包经营等不同发展阶段的农地制度,都可用两者的对抗、互溶以及转化,来加以讨论。 在农地制度的变革中,既有体制模式、发展战略、改革方式等正式制度因素,还有思想观念、意识形态、道德伦理、家庭传统、风俗习惯等非正式制度因素,它们共同作用于农地制度的延续与变革。     

从《中国新闻周刊·封面故事》看深度报道叙事模式的构建

封面故事是新闻周刊的标志性栏目,也是最能凸显深度报道水准的纸质媒介载体之一。本文以《中国新闻周刊·封面故事》为例,解读其叙事方式,分析了深度报道叙事模式构建的途径,即用事实成就深度、用逻辑建构深度、用视野驾驭深度。     

Letter From the Editors

ABSTRACT

In this article we explore older persons’ definitions of and explanations for elder abuse in the Netherlands by means of interviews with older persons. A qualitative study was conducted based on semistructured interviews with 35 older persons who had no experience with abuse. Our findings show that older persons participating in our study define elder abuse foremost as physical violence that is performed intentionally. The study participants explain elder abuse as a result of the dependency and vulnerability of older persons, of changing norms and values, and of changes in the position of older persons in society, which result in disrespect toward older persons and a lack of social control and responsibility. The older persons’ explanations for the occurrence of abuse mainly focus on societal changes; older persons seem to regard elder abuse primarily as a societal problem. This understanding of, and explanation for, elder abuse may influence their detection and reporting behavior, as they may tend to acknowledge only severe cases of intentional physical violence that leave clear and therefore physically detectable evidence.     

Exploring the Influence of Reporting Delay on Criminal Justice Outcomes: Comparing Child and Adult Reporters of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Delay between disclosure and reporting child sexual abuse is common and has significant implications for the prosecution of such offenses. While we might expect the relationship to be a linear one with longer delay reducing the likelihood of prosecution, the present study confirms a more complex interaction. Utilizing data from 2,079 police records in Northern Ireland, the study investigated the impact of reporting delay on pretrial criminal justice outcomes for child and adult reporters of child sexual abuse. While teenagers were found to be the group most disadvantaged by reporting delay, increased delay actually appeared advantageous for some groups, notably adult females reporting offenses that occurred when they were 0 to 6 years old. Conversely, adult males reporting child sexual abuse did not appear to benefit from increased delay, suggesting both an adult and gender bias within decision-making processes. The implications for future research are discussed.     

Teachers' Attitudes toward Reporting Child Sexual Abuse: Problems with Existing Research Leading to New Scale Development

This paper details a systematic literature review identifying problems in extant research relating to teachers' attitudes toward reporting child sexual abuse and offers a model for new attitude scale development and testing. Scale development comprised a five-phase process grounded in contemporary attitude theories, including (a) developing the initial item pool, (b) conducting a panel review, (c) refining the scale via an expert focus group, (d) building content validity through cognitive interviews, and (e) assessing internal consistency via field testing. The resulting 21-item scale displayed construct validity in preliminary testing. The scale may prove useful as a research tool, given the theoretical supposition that attitudes may be changed with time, context, experience, and education. Further investigation with a larger sample is warranted.