从图式理论的视角看听力理解的心理过程

听力理解是个复杂的心理活动过程,在这个过程中,听者往往借助语言图式、形式图式和内容图式交互作用来处理输入的信息。图式理论将听力理解的过程解释为听者大脑中固有的图式与输入的言语信息相互作用、相互匹配的过程。在听力教学中,教师应当培养学生的预测能力,注重社会文化背景知识导入,激活学生的已有图示,建立新图示,增强学生的理解性输入。     

论我国举报人权利的立法保护——贡献、局限与构想

作为基本权利的举报权,是法治和民主政治的实质内容。在我国宪法和各种层次的立法中,均在一定程度上肯定了公民的举报权,但举报人权利的立法保护构架仍存在着诸多缺陷,亟待制定统一的《举报人权益保护法》,为举报人权利提供系统保护。《举报人权益保护法》应从举报人权利、举报受理机关的义务和法律责任以及举报人的特殊保护等方面进行制度设计。     

可扩展企业报告语言初探

为了发展并完善我国网络财务报告模式,上市公司采用可扩展企业报告语言(XBRL)是解决网络财务报告所带来的信息过滤问题的最好途径,从而满足不同信息使用者的各种信息需求。文章介绍了网络财务报告技术XBRL的发展、现状以及XBRL的优点,并就信息披露中XBRL技术的应用做了进一步分析。     

Context matters: Using mixed methods timelines to provide an accessible and integrated visual for complex program evaluation data

The need for conducting evaluations which reflect of the influence of context on complex programs is increasingly recognized in the field of evaluation. Better data visualization techniques for connecting context with program evaluation data are needed. We share our experience developing a mixed methods timeline to visualize complexity and context with evaluation data. Mixed methods timelines provide a meaningful way to show change over time in both a visually stimulating and accessible format for evaluation audiences. This paper provides an innovative example of using mixed methods timelines to integrate evaluation data with key program activities and milestones, while also showing internal and external contextual influences in one cohesive visual. We present methods and best practices for collecting contextual data and for incorporating a variety of data sources into such a visual. We discuss several strategies to collect and organize context related data including: qualitative interviews, program materials, narrative reports, and member checking with stakeholders and staff. Gathering multiple perspectives is essential to better capture the multi-layered elements of program activities and context.     

Suicide reports in the news – impact of Chief Coroner's call to open up suicide reporting

ABSTRACT

Aim: In 2010, the then Chief Coroner called for an opening up of suicide reporting in the press. We aimed to discover if this controversial action influenced the nature and extent of reporting of individual suicide cases in the newsprint media.

Method: A Factiva search of news reports from high circulation newspapers was conducted over four years. We counted the number of news reports of individual suicides and examined any mention of demographics, methods, location and contributing factors.

Results: We retrieved 291 individual suicide reports, 161 before and 130 after the Chief Coroners’ call. Reporting was more detailed after the call, with increased reporting of demographics, contributing factors and methods but less reporting of location. Most of these differences did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion: The press did not appear to take the action of the Chief Coroner as a licence to report more frequently on individual suicide cases.     

It’s all about culture! Institutional context and ownership concentration across Europe

It is widely recognised that the formal institutional context affects firm ownership concentration. However, the impact of the informal institutional context has received less research attention. Drawing from institutional theory, we tested our hypothesis that both the formal and informal (cultural) institutional contexts simultaneously influence firm ownership concentration. Based on a firm-level database of the largest 600 listed companies in 19 European countries for the period 2009–2015, we found that both formal and informal institutional contexts, considered independently from each other, affect the level of firm ownership concentration. However, when these institutional contexts are considered together, the significance of the formal institutional context's effect on ownership concentration disappears while the informal (cultural) institutional context remains significant. Specifically, our findings indicate that high power distance, collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, restraint, and short-term orientation favour firm ownership concentration. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the diversity in European cultures explains firms' different levels of ownership concentration across European firms, signalling that the European Union's efforts towards a common regulatory frame may not necessarily lead to a convergence of European firms' ownership structures and, consequently, of corporate governance practices.     

Constructing the rapist: patterns of reporting sexual violence to the police

ABSTRACT

Existing research establishes the importance of social identities and public discourse in reifying existing power structures. By examining the poignant case of the crime of sexual violence, we explore the construction of the identities of rapist and victim. In this paper, we look specifically at police reporting of sexual violence as perpetuating a ‘common sense’ of criminalization, with the identity of the rapist serving as the primary factor of police reporting. We employ regression analyses of victim responses in the 2015 National Criminal Victimization Survey in order to understand the dynamics behind victim reporting. This research confirms the hypothesis that, in the case of sexual assault, rape victims are more likely to perceive the bodies criminalized in public discourse – particularly Black offenders – as those as having committed crimes, and are therefore more likely to engage with the state through police reporting.     

韦伯合理性理论评议

韦伯将黑格尔的理性概念改造成合理性概念 ,并赋予合理性概念以社会建构之意义 ,他把“现代性”等同于“合理性” ,将“现代化进程”等同于“理性化过程” ,从而把狭义上被看作是人的思考能力的理性拓展到人的行动和历史、社会等现实领域 ,成为人的行动及社会所具有的特性 ,以说明西方现代性的演进及其本质。韦伯合理性理论对现代性的诊断已经成为西方现代性话语的转折点 ,在他之后的现代性理论大都对他的理论有着一种“路径依赖”关系。