极端主义在俄罗斯的滋生、构成及影响

在后冷战时代,宗教极端主义成为各国在非传统安全领域的重大挑战,其中伊斯兰极端主义的影响较大。伊斯兰教作为俄罗斯的传统宗教,在促进社会稳定、巩固家庭和精神道德价值观方面发挥着积极意义,但伊斯兰教政治化也助长了激进的一面。在转型期的俄罗斯,伴随着伊斯兰复兴思潮与运动的兴起,伊斯兰极端主义也得以滋生并迅速蔓延开来。俄罗斯的伊斯兰极端主义趁转型之初联邦中央政权式微而企图推动北高加索地区独立,建立所谓的“伊斯兰国家”,从而给俄罗斯国家及社会造成了巨大的创伤。在全球伊斯兰极端主义泛起的背景下,伊斯兰极端主义问题在俄罗斯一直存在,成为影响国家安全和社会稳定的重大隐患。     

Sexual risk-taking in the slums of Nairobi,Kenya, 1993-98

Relatively less attention has been paid to reproductive health problems facing deprived urban residents than to those facing rural residents in sub-Saharan Africa. This is probably because the majority of Africans live in rural areas, where they are presumed to have poorer medical, educational, and other social services. Yet, the unprecedented rate of urbanization and the accompanying disproportionate growth in the proportion of poor city residents pose new challenges for health care in the region. This study examines differences in sexual behaviour between slum residents and non-slum residents in Nairobi city. The results show that slum residents start sexual intercourse at earlier ages, have more sexual partners, and are less likely than other city residents to know of or adopt preventive measures against contracting HIV/AIDS. The findings highlight the need to treat slum residents as a subpopulation uniquely vulnerable to reproductive health problems, and to expend more resources in slum settings.     

From communal charity to national welfare: Jewish orphanages in Eastern Europe before and after World War I

This article examines Jewish institutions for the care of orphans in an attempt to understand several aspects of Jewish life in Eastern Europe: (1) attitudes towards orphans on the part of communal leaders, intellectuals, and political activists; (2) the transition of Jewish charitable and (in the modern period) philanthropic institutions from the pre‐modern communal charity of the early nineteenth century to modern “scientific philanthropy” at the fin de siècle to national welfare in the interwar period; (3) and, to a lesser extent, the experiences of orphans themselves, as far as is possible to ascertain from documents relating to the institutions that cared for them. Marginal figures such as orphans were of growing concern to the organised Jewish community in its increasingly complex encounter with modernity in the Russian Empire, and traditional patterns of charity, family life, and relations between socioeconomic classes were cast into doubt by new government policies and modern scientific attitudes arriving from Western and Central Europe. The religiously mandated charity of the pre‐modern kehillah gave way to a paternalistic philanthropy that aimed to mould a generation of “productive” working‐class Jews. However, the upheavals of World War I and the mass politicisation of East European Jewry brought about a transformation in attitudes towards orphans and other marginal groups, whose care was made a centrepiece of national, and nationally minded, Jewish communal life in the interwar Polish Republic.     

East European Jewish migration: inside and outside

This introductory article provides an overview of modern Jewish migration from Eastern Europe. It engages the foundational historiography of the field and explores intersections of Jewish migration with general migration theory. In addition to framing the six articles in this special collection, this essay presents longue durée factors linking today's post-Soviet diaspora communities on three continents with social and political trends beginning in the late nineteenth century and during the interwar period and postwar periods.     

Besting the West: Russia's Machiavella Strategy

'Besting the West' applies the concept of a 'gender game and strategy' to an analysis of the changing Russian response to NATO expansion from the end of the Cold War through the signing of the NATO-Russia Founding Act in May 1997. The article is divided into three sections. The first explores the concept of a gender game, and analyses the feminized gendering of Russia within the post-Cold War Russian press. The second examines a strategy and tactics of 'besting', traditionally used by persons or groups who occupy a subordinate position in a hierarchy and therefore 'play with a losing hand'. Assumptions about power underlying this 'Machiavella' strategy are contrasted briefly with those of Machiavelli, one of the symbols of a masculine realpolitik. The third section traces the development of Russia's post-Cold War relationship to the West in three stages: Roughly through 1993, Russia was servile to and dependent on the West; in 1994 'she' overcompensated for this weakness by becoming 'tough', which only increased her isolation; finally, after Primakov became Foreign Minister in 1996, Russia began to 'best' the West, that is, to act rather than react in an attempt to change the game so that her interests would be taken into account against the background of NATO enlargement.     

Welfare and Democratization – Comparing Croatia,Serbia and Macedonia

The article discusses the main determinants of welfare transformation after the regime change from communism towards democracy. The states of the former Yugoslavia, notwithstanding a common welfare state structure, albeit at different quality levels, after departing communism developed diverse trajectories. In response to the wars, war‐related consequences and growing economic pressures, the national political elites in Yugoslav successor states initially extended welfare provisions and thus thwarted popular mobilization. The international actors' agenda gained ground in a setting characterized by nationalistic resentments, popular disorientation and elite capture. What the analyzed country cases suggest is that democratization has contributed to making reforms more responsive to public concerns. On the other hand, ‘defective’ systems continue to impede economic development and compromise the welfare state's redistributive role.     

试议苏俄的远东政策(1917-1923年)

1917-1923年这一时期是苏维埃俄国由立国未稳到日趋巩固并国际地位迅速提高的时期.由于苏俄远东政策服从服务于苏俄的欧洲政策,所以随着苏俄国内情况和外部形势的变化,苏俄远东政策不可避免地呈现出很大的摇摆性和暂时性.它体现了"推进世界革命与维护俄国利益"这个困扰着苏俄外交政策的矛盾.     

俄罗斯"私有化"进程评析

俄罗斯于1992年选择了通向市场经济的"私有化"之路,经过近十年的实践,完成了由小私有化到大私有化,工农业同时并举的私有化进程.然而,私有化并未达到其预定目标.它所引起的经济形势总体衰落,社会结构两极分化,社会问题层出不穷,日益困扰着处于探索阶段的俄罗斯社会.私有化是福,是祸,还有待于历史的检验.     

俄罗斯与欧洲安全体系的重建

冷战结束不久,俄罗斯日益重视欧洲安全体系的重建问题。俄主张欧安组织应成为欧洲安全体系的核心,同时在武器控制、安全和防务问题上采取比较坚定的立场,维护反导条约和常规力量条约,极力保持同美国的军事平衡;还充分利用欧美地缘战略利益上的差异,拓展外交空间,争取欧盟国家支持它在欧洲安全体系上的主张。俄和欧美在欧洲安全体系重建问题上存在着根本分歧,加之西欧离不开美国的安全保障,俄对美多重劣势难以扭转,俄在短期内实难完全达到自己的目的。但是,俄有可能在欧洲安全体系建设上取得有限的成功。     

寻找参照：弗·索洛维约夫对中西文化的比较考察

19世纪末俄罗斯哲学家和诗人弗·索洛维约夫在《中国与欧洲》一书中曾对中国古代思想文化作了深入研究,试图发现中西文化的异同,并对两种文化冲突的前景作出预测,希求为俄罗斯文化的发展寻找参照。索洛维约夫的见解中有许多值得我们重视、能给我们以启示的东西,同时也存在因文化隔膜而产生的偏颇。