《尚书·酒诰》与儒家酒德文化

《尚书·酒诰》作为中国古代第一篇具有法律效力的酒事管理文献,对儒家酒德文化产生了极其深刻的历史影响。这种影响主要表现在：其一,用政治意识形态观念去审视酒事活动,把饮酒行为与国家治乱现象相联系,形成儒家“饮酒亡国”论或“酒祸”论的基本酒德文化观念。其二,对社会酒事行为严加控制管理,为历代专制王朝实施“酒禁”政策提供了儒典圣贤的历史依据。其三,把饮酒行为纳入儒家“礼”的伦理道德范畴,通过酒礼政教活动强化儒家等级有差“礼治”政治秩序。     

韦皋与唐代南方丝绸之路的重开

Weigao was one of the famous Jie-dushi ( regional military commissioners ) of the Jiannan Xichuan ( located in today’s southern Si-chuan) in the Tang Dynasty. During the rule of Wei Gao, he successfully defeated the Tubo, and changed the Tang court’s submissiveness in the southwestern region and the fight between the Tang and Tubo along the southern line. He also restored the links between Yunnan and Xichuan including all the way to the Central Plains, and, as a result, the once closed Southern Silk Road was reopened. A further exploration and evaluation of Wei Gao’s actions and his influence on reopening the Southern Silk Road ought to be given. I. Wei Gao’s Alliance with the Nanzhao King-dom and Reopening the Southern Silk Road In 785 A. D. , Wei Gao arrived in Chengdu and was appointed Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan. The situation of Jiannan Xichuan at that time was very critical. After the Tianbao war, the Kingdom of Nanzhao, which had unified the area around Er-hai Lake with the support of the Tang in the past, turned against the Tang and publicly announced its alliance with the Tubo. The Nanzhao Kingdom, to-gether with the Tubo, struck the Tang in the south-western region. This shift not only put the Tang in a submissive position in the southwestern region, but also significantly influenced the relations be-tween the Tang and the Tubo. As the Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao became a unique practitioner and actively promoted a joint strategy in Yunnan. After the Tang decided to make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom, relevant actions were taken immediately. However because relations between the Nanzhao Kingdom and the Tang had been broken for many years, at the beginning, Wei Gao could only communicate through some of the tribal chiefs of the Dongman ( Eastern Barbarians) . Through several years of ef-fort and mutual contact, Wei Gao’s endeavors to make an alliance with the Nanzhao, at last, were effective. Wei Gao’s efforts to make an alliance with the Nanzhao certainly involved issues related to trans-portation between Xichuan and the area of Erhai Lake. During that period, the route between Xi-chuan and Nanzhao was not only under military threat from the Tubo, but it was also overseen by the tribes of the Dongman who supported the Tu-bo—this indicated that the line of communication was not in a normal situation. The Southern Silk Road was one of ancient China’s important land trade routes to overseas. In looking at relevant re-cords in the Shiji ( Records of the Historian ) , we can see that this route had been known by people in the Central Plains from at least the Qin and Han dynasties. It was called the“Shushen Dudao” dur-ing the Han dynasty, and the “Xi’er Tianzhu zhid-ao” in the Taizhong period of the Tang dynasty.“Xi’er” refers to Erhai Lake, which was called“Xi’er He” during that time; “Tianzhu”, i. e.“Shendu”, refers to present day India. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, there were two primary routes between Xichuan and the area of Lake Er-hai. One was the Shimendao, also called the Wuchidao or Rongzhoudao, which started from present Chengdu and went through present day Le-shan and Yibin. The other was the Qing Xidao, also called the Lingguandao, Songzhoudao or Qiongnan Yilu,which, started from present Cheng-du, and went through present day Ya’an, and Xichang. These two routes were also called the“North Route” and the“South Route” in the Yun-nan Zhi ( The History of Yunnan) compiled by Fan Cuo in the Tang Dynasty. These two were the main routes between Sichuan and Yunnan on the South-ern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty. In 794 A. D. , the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom swore an oath of alliance, and Wei Gao started his plans to reo-pen the routes. By making a comprehensive analy-sis of relevant historical records, we are certain that starting with a plan in the 8th century, and fol-lowing the realization of the alliance between the Tang and Nanzhao as part of the strategy for the Southwestern area, and, together with the success in the fight against the Tubo, the two main chan-nels between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road were reopened as a result of the concern of Wei Gao at the beginning of the 9th century. II. The Basic Situation of the Route between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty and Its Historical Significance It was a long way from Xichuan to the area of Lake Erhai, and, moreover, the situation was also very complicated. Whenever the North Route or the South Route opened, it was not something that was completed immediately; it was a process. Al-though some sections of the road might be comple-ted initially, the opening of the entire route could not be completed within a short time. Through the records of Fan Cuo in his Yunnan Zhi, we can glean a general understanding of the basic situation regarding the reopening of the two main routes be-tween Sichuan and Yunnan along the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty. Seen from the records of Fan Cuo, there were courier stations along the South Route, so that travelers and their horses could have services and accommodation. It is very significant to note that in addition to the records of courier stations along the route managed by the Xichuan administration, the Yunnan Zhi also recorded that special translators were arranged for facilitating the contact and ex-change between the two sides, i. e. Xichuan and Nanzhao, after the route reached Ezhunling. This detail reflected Xichuan’s attention to the manage-ment of this route, but it also reflected the frequent contact between the people from the two sides of this route and the need for better communication. The road which started from Ezhunling was man-aged by the Nanzhao Kingdom. The situation of the North Route was quite different from the South Route. Based upon an analysis of the records found in the Yunnan Zhi, along the north route, there were not only high mountain, steep slopes, and winding roads, but the traveler also had to pass through many areas inhabited by the Wuman (Black Babarians). So, people were able to pass through the stations only after their words had been translated three or four times. Generally speaking, the conditions along the North Route were worse than those along the South Route. Therefore, al-though the reopening of the South Route was later than the North Route, people usually chose to pass through the South Route after it was reopened. It should be mentioned here that although Fan Cuo’s Yunnan Zhi was compiled during the early years of Xiantong Period in the Tang dynasty, the situation along the route and courier stations recorded in the book were probably not much different from those along the route during the time of Wei Gao. Al-though more than half a century of time had passed the road and courier stations along the South and North Routes might have only had some minor changes, and it was probably generally the same as in the past. Moreover it was unblocked for a long term due to the concern of the both sides. Another point that should be noted here is that although both the South and North Routes connecting Si-chuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty were managed by the administra-tions of Xichuan and Nanzhao separately, seen from the close relations and common demands of the two sides, the construction and management of these two important routes were combined through the negotiation of the two sides’ considerations and demands. As the major supporter for making the alliance with Nanzhao, Wei Gao should be the one who played an active role in this process. Because of the alliance between the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom the Tubo suffered a setback in the southwestern region, and they gradually re-treated to the north. Under this scenario, the channels of communication between Sichuan and Yunnan were unblocked, and communication be-tween the envoys from the Tang and Nanzhao be-came more frequent, the local trade developed, and the number of businessmen traversing Sichuan and Yunnan increased. Seen from the perspective of the development of Nanzhao, the frequent ex-changes between the artisans and traders from the two sides via the South and North Routes that ran between Sichuan and Yunnan promoted the eco-nomic and commercial development of Yunnan. In addition, there were many ethnic groups in the Nanzhao Kingdom. These included the Wuman, and Baiman ( white barbarians) . For several dec-ades,“more than a thousand” people from differ-ent ethnic groups went to Chengdu to study. This reflected that the reopening of the Southern Silk Road during the Tang dynasty played an important role in cultural transmission. On the other hand, training youth from the different ethnic groups liv-ing in the Nanzhao Kingdom also had a deep influ-ence on the cultural development of Yunnan. More important is that this action enhanced the commu-nication between the ethnic groups of Yunnan and the Central Plains. In addition, after reopening the road between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Route, the road continued through Nanzhao territory, crossed into the Myanmar-India route, and arrived in South and Southeast Asia. It could be said that Wei Gao’s reopening of the Southern Silk Road was not only helpful for communication between the people of Xichuan, the Central Plains and Yunnan, but it was also helpful for communi-cation between the Tang and the countries of South and Southeast Asia. It should be mentioned that Wei Gao’s reope-ning of the Southern Silk Road was conducted with-in the framework of an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom to attack the Tubo. Hence, speaking truthfully, reopening the road was not the main re-sponsibility of the Jiedushi of Xichuan, and was al-so not his main strategic goal. Under the serious situation faced by Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao’s main focus during that time was how to contact and make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom so as to take military action against the Tubo. Even if he planned to reopen this road and took some action, it was conducted by targeting his military strategic action. However, reopening the Southern Silk Road could not be separated from the action of making an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom. Moreover, after reopening this road, it really pro-moted economic -cultural exchange and develop-ment along the road. Hence, we should give a full understanding and evaluation on Wei Gao’s histori-cal role in it.     

上博《诗论》简的作者和作年──兼论子羔也可能传《诗》

上海博物馆２９支《诗论》简，不能全归诸孔子名下，其　中既有孔子之说，也有孔子弟子之说。孔子这位解《诗》的弟子，很可能是子羔。传孔子和　子羔《诗》说的，是孔子弟子子羔以外的再传弟子。先秦儒家传《诗》，孔子以下，是多元　而并非单线，其中也有子羔一系。     

高名凯语言学学术思想介评

文章从＂汉语语法论的研究＂、＂语法理论的研究＂和＂语言理论的研究＂等三个方面介绍和评论高名凯的语言学学术思想。作为中国理论语言学和汉语语法研究的先驱者之一,高名凯为摆脱印欧语眼光,建立反映汉语特点的语法体系提供了一个独立研究的典范。在高名凯的汉语语法体系中,实词的分类不是语法的重心所在,但虚词的研究却是重要的、成系统的,这是高名凯语法体系的一个鲜明特色。高名凯关于汉语实词无词类的著名观点对今天以及未来的汉语语言学研究仍然具有重要的参考价值。     

唐代渤海国高氏与中原望族的关系新证

唐代的渤海国 ,是唐代羁縻州中的一员。该国中的高氏是继王室之后的第一大姓 ,其族人有不少在唐朝政府做官。为了维持自身的利益和发展 ,高氏族人采取了与中原望族联姻的做法 ,以寻求发展。其结果是加强了民族间的团结和了解 ,促进了大唐帝国的繁荣与昌盛     

论北魏末年的邢杲暴动

邢杲暴动的主要原因并不是青齐豪强与河北流民之间的主客矛盾,而是北魏朝廷没有按照政治实力大小在南渡青齐的河北大族中施行皆置命属郡县,选豪右为守令以抚镇之的政策。因此,邢杲暴动虽然带有流民暴动色彩,但其性质却是邢杲利用河北流民武装来维护和争取自身政治利益的政治斗争。同时,邢杲暴动又是导致依靠梁朝少量武装支持的北魏宗室元颢轻易占领洛阳,进而引发北魏末年政局一系列巨变的重要因素。     

从《酒诰》看周公的执政思维特点

《酒诰》是周公命康叔在殷商故地卫国宣布戒酒的诰辞.作为我国历史上颁布的第一部戒酒法令,其内容与周初其他诰辞相比较,则更能直观地反映出周公的执政思维特点:既彰显天命,威慑百僚庶众,又时刻强调殷鉴和崇尚节俭保民,并孜孜以求地对殷商遗民进行安抚和怀柔.     

“黄帝”考源

文章认为,“黄帝”即“皇帝”,也就是上帝,原为上古三代时期黄河中下游地区特别是东夷诸部族共同尊奉的至上神兼宗祖神。是虞、夏、商、周时期能追溯到的最远的祖先,也是神话中地位最高的人物。“黄帝”乃是一尊号,其名在卜辞中曰“爱”(王国维释“爱”,不正确)、曰“靠”,后来典籍中或音变为“喾(倍)”;或形讹为“夋”,音变为《山海经》中的“帝俊”,其他文献则又音变为“帝舜”。故《山海经》中所言的“黄帝”就是帝俊;其他文献中的“黄帝”则为帝喾或帝舜。黄帝名轩辕或为轩辕氏之说,乃战国时代天文学家之首倡,后被史家接受并写入史书,黄帝与轩辕本无直接关系。黄帝的姓、氏均出于黄帝系中不同部族的传说,故种种各异,固不可以为历史真实。黄帝传说本起源东方．而后随民族之迁徙而散播于四方。     

论张家山汉简中的军功名田宅制度

<二年律令>披露的名田宅制和高祖五年诏书的"赐田宅令"一脉相承,本质上都是军功受益制度.制度本身有三大特点:等级性法规、商品性特征、军功受益原则.此制在实行之初即存在地域分别,拥有小爵以上爵位者享有制度保障,小爵以下者因地域差异很难按制占足土地,或根本得不到国家的直接授田.随着人口的增长,农民被迫分户析产,进而造成农民占田的严重不足.文帝以后,基本放弃了汉初以来的名田宅制度.     

清末民初小说家张毅汉生平创作考

张毅汉是清末民初重要的小说家,然而目前对于他的研究基本上还处于空白阶段。通过探考张毅汉生平与创作情况,得出如下结论:张毅汉与张其讱为同一个人;包天笑是小说家张毅汉的提携者和合作者,对张毅汉的小说生涯发生过重要影响。但除包天笑外,张毅汉与鸳鸯蝴蝶派几乎没有任何关系。20年代以后,张毅汉开始投身于教育事业,先后在上海广肇公学和粤东中学担任教师。1950年可能因哮喘病发作在香港去世。