广东“80后”生育意愿及其影响因素研究

改革开放后出生的一代人的生育意愿和意愿生育数量将表现出与父辈们不同的特征。本文采用广东省人口和计划生育委员会支持的调研数据,并通过实证研究发现：个人受教育程度、家庭收入、户籍状况、家庭结构及财产状况等因素共同影响着初育年龄意愿、理想生育数和生育性别意愿。总体来看,教育程度与经济因素是影响“80后”生育意愿的主要因素。同时,家庭养老压力也在一定程度上影响到他们的生育意愿。     

Exploring the spatial wage penalty for women: Does it matter where you live?

Inequality between men and women has decreased over the past four decades in the US, but wage inequality among groups of women has increased. As metropolitan women’s earnings grew by 25% over the past four decades, nonmetropolitan women’s earnings only grew by 15%. In the current study we draw on data from the Current Population Survey to analyze the spatial wage gap among women. We explore differences in the spatial wage gap by education, occupation, and industry. Regression models that control for marriage, motherhood, race, education, region, age, and work hours indicate that metropolitan women earn 17% more per hour than nonmetropolitan women. Nonmetropolitan women earn less than metropolitan women who live in central cities and outside central cities. The gap in metropolitan-nonmetropolitan wages is higher for more educated women than for less educated women. The wage gap is only 5% for women without a high school degree, but it is 15% for women with a college degree and 26% for women with an advanced degree. Nonmetropolitan college graduates are overrepresented in lower-paying occupations and industries. Metropolitan college graduates, however, are overrepresented in higher-paying occupations and industries, such as professional services and finance.     

'She Wasn't Tall Enough and Breasts Get in the Way': Why Would a Woman Bullfighter Retire?

In 1999, the first Spanish woman bullfighter, Cristina Sanchez, retired after performing as a full-fledged torero for only three years. In this article, I examine the circumstances of her success and of the curtailment of her short career as a case study in how an emergent feminine identity can be created and established through the conscious actions of a woman in the public sphere. Through an analysis of ethnographic and media materials, I will demonstrate how in this context of changing Spanish gender Cristina Sanchez's career and retirement made the Spanish gender debate public and explicit through a performative and media manifestation of women's agency. This work is based on ethnographic fieldwork in Spain from 1992-1994, media analysis, and a series of return visits since that time.     

Force of Circumstance: Feminist Discourse in a Matrilineal Society

The present paper discusses some of the ways feminist discourse was articulated on Bougainville both during and after the secessionist war that took place on the island between 1989 and 2000. Inspired by feminist discourse, non-governmental organisations have reconfigured Bougainvillean women into newly organised spheres of influence (as moral agents, peacemakers or victims) that potentially distort the matrilineal structure of their society, which is the true source of the women's power and authority. Gender mainstreaming has become a major platform for social and political change managed by outside agencies in what is now the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The present paper engages with current feminist debate that challenges the universal application of the concept of gender and gender mainstreaming, and especially considers the indigenous African critique in relation to matrilineal societies.     

The Three Malinches: betrayal and the death of an urban popular movement

I examine the death of an urban popular movement in Guadalajara, Mexico, through the experiences of three women who were active in the movement's local-level leadership. Betrayal emerges as a central theme in their accounts. Gender and betrayal have provided a longstanding subtext in Mexico's political history. La Malinche, who was the indigenous translator and lover of the conquistador Hernando Cortés, epitomizes this historical trope. She is to this day disparaged by Mexicans as a sell-out, a betrayer of the nation. In much the same way, the women whose stories inform this account of the death of a social movement are Malinches, readily cast by themselves and others, including First World academicians, as sell-outs.Yet contemporary feminist revisionings of La Malinche explore the ways in which she was also betrayed. Exploring the manylayered relationship between gender and betrayal can contribute to understanding not only the demise of an urban popular movement, but also the larger political and theoretical economies in which scholars and activists are differently involved,positioned, and connected.     

Appropriate Theorizing about African Women and the Internet

The WomenAction 2000 case data illustrate that the Internet situation among women's organizations in Africa is highly problematic. The women have specific computer network needs - and even among this 'group' the needs vary. They further represent grassroots women who have no access to computer networks. The survey data illustrate that appropriate theorizing on Internet working by women in Africa must address both technological and social issues. It must also integrate gender, North-South, context and other aspects. For this purpose, available approaches are neither complete nor entirely adequate. Together however, they offer enough building blocks to study African women and Internet introduction appropriately. Constructivist technology studies (including gender and technology approaches) offer good starting points for an appropriate model. Nevertheless, constructivism needs additions to support gender empowerment in the South. Critical development studies and the integrative view on global communications offer useful additions to this end.     

Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Gender Analysis in Kosova

Gender relations fluctuate in times of violent change with flight, exile, displacement and return and relations of inequality between men and women can prevent women from fully participating in the reconstruction processes and gaining political voice. Undertaking a gendered analysis of Kosovar women's involvement in the emerging feminist reconstructive politics highlighted the ways in which international governmental responses at times hindered women's progress. The central concern in this Gender Audit is the extent to which encouragement has been given to increasing women's social,economic,educational and political participation - in both informal civic fora and organizations and at the formal levels of power. The Gender Audit assesses the gaps in policy-making, service provision, data collection and in co-ordination and monitoring of projects designed to increase the participation of women and girls. In post-conflict situations it is vital that all people are enabled to contribute their ideas, expertise and skills in reconstruction and rehabilitation processes leading to democratization and democracy-building. Working in coalitions combining local, national and international elements is providinga positive contribution for somewomen in Kosova.     

Interacting with the State: Feminist Strategies and Political Opportunities

In recent years feminists have been engaged in new debates about gender and the state. Instead of adopting either a purely structural or agential approach, the emphasis in these debates is on the interactive relationship between the two. Feminists in political science have not been immune to this trend. Work is emerging in this field which dissaggregates the state to consider the way different political institutions shape and are shaped by engagement with feminist actors. This article contributes to these efforts by providing a detailed comparative analysis of feminist strategies and political opportunities in two similar political systems - Australia and Canada. A number of key points emerge from this study. First, similar institutions in different countries provide varying opportunities for feminists. As a result, it is not possible to make emphatic claims about certain institutions being more or less beneficial for feminists. Second, feminists respond to these opportunities by adopting certain strategies over others. Through these strategies, feminists can have a direct bearing on the opportunity structure open to them. What the experiences of Canadian and Australian feminists tell us is that the relationship between feminists and political institutions changes over both time and place; that it is interactive and dynamic, rather than predictable and permanent.     

Besting the West: Russia's Machiavella Strategy

'Besting the West' applies the concept of a 'gender game and strategy' to an analysis of the changing Russian response to NATO expansion from the end of the Cold War through the signing of the NATO-Russia Founding Act in May 1997. The article is divided into three sections. The first explores the concept of a gender game, and analyses the feminized gendering of Russia within the post-Cold War Russian press. The second examines a strategy and tactics of 'besting', traditionally used by persons or groups who occupy a subordinate position in a hierarchy and therefore 'play with a losing hand'. Assumptions about power underlying this 'Machiavella' strategy are contrasted briefly with those of Machiavelli, one of the symbols of a masculine realpolitik. The third section traces the development of Russia's post-Cold War relationship to the West in three stages: Roughly through 1993, Russia was servile to and dependent on the West; in 1994 'she' overcompensated for this weakness by becoming 'tough', which only increased her isolation; finally, after Primakov became Foreign Minister in 1996, Russia began to 'best' the West, that is, to act rather than react in an attempt to change the game so that her interests would be taken into account against the background of NATO enlargement.     

Chamber music and organization theory: some typical organizational phenomena seen under the microscope

In this paper I suggest, on the one hand, that organization theory offers an interpretation of the reality of arts producing organizations and, on the other, that the empirical analysis of these realities can supply new input for organization theory. As a practical example of artistic production I refer to an international chamber music festival. Close inspection of chamber music will reveal characteristics that apply to any type of organization. I begin by looking at the nature of arts management and the arts manager. I go on to analyse the characteristics of the production process in the performing arts, which can be seen as communication taking place on three levels: between audience and performers (concept of ‘prosumer’); within the performing group (‘listening ability’); between the author of the written text and the performer/interpreter (‘concept of value’). I finish by showing how in a symboliccultural framework the features identified in the paper can feed back into organization studies.

Time present and time past Are both perhaps present in time future, and time future contained in time past.

T.S. Eliot, Four Quartets