Gender Differences among Adolescents with Gambling-Related Problems

Data from five recent studies using self-reports were merged to explore gender differences in the characteristics of adolescent problem gambling, including comorbidity with other youth problems. The sample consisted of 2,750 male and 2,563 female participants. Male problem gamblers were more likely than females to report signs of psychological difficulties while females were more likely to note behavioural problems as a consequence of their gambling problems. Males and females with severe gambling problems had remarkably similar prevalence rates of depression, substance use and weekly gambling. In the non-problem gambling group, depression was more likely to afflict females whereas substance use and frequent gambling were more prevalent among males.     

基于SNA生产观的生产负担不均等测度与分解

 基于SNA生产观，本文讨论了总生产负担、SNA生产负担和非SNA生产负担的不均等规律。理论分析表明，三类生产负担的具体分布取决于个人或家庭的生产时间分配模式，个人受实际SNA报酬率和总生产时间的影响较大，而家庭往往视性别因素为基本决策前提。本文据此实际测度了我国居民各类生产负担不均等现状并对形成总不均等的要素及子群来源进行了分解。研究表明：(1)与城乡区域因素相比，生产负担不均等更易受性别因素的影响，影响力度与生产负担的具体形式密切相关；(2)女性居民承担了更沉重的总生产负担，非SNA生产为其主要负担来源，男性居民的总生产负担较轻，其主要负担来源为SNA生产；(3)无论是居民总体还是各子群体，生产负担不均等主要归因于SNA生产负担，而子群内部不均等是造成总不均等的决定力量。     

Educational Attainment and the Cyclical Sensitivity of Employment

This article examines whether there are educational premiums on the quantity side of the labor market. We document four findings: (1) Trend employment patterns shifted for most educational levels post-1977; (2) the lower the level of educational attainment, the more volatile the employment ratio; (3) the volatility of employment for female high school dropouts increased over time even as the economy became less volatile; and (4) since 1984, the responses of skilled and unskilled employment to the business cycle have become more alike. This latter finding is consistent with a reduced degree of capital-skill complementarity during this period.     

Culture and industry: exploring the debate

This paper explores the conceptual space inhabited by the Creative Industries. It pursues this by examining complex relationships between “culture” and “industry” in historical perspective, considering significant differences (and similarities) between four major interpretations; Marxist, Economic, Socio-political and Romantic. Mindful of contemporary oversimplifications, the paper argues for a dialogic approach to the multi-layered complexities of the “culture/industry” interface.     

Gender Equality Revisited – Changes in Nordic Childcare Policies in the 2000s

The Nordic childcare policy model is often reviewed and even recommended internationally for its contribution to gender equality, high female labour force participation and, perhaps more indirectly, to a high fertility rate. Nordic childcare services and parental leave schemes have thus been portrayed in the literature as policies which have managed to facilitate a work–family model of dual earners and dual carers. However, the recent introduction of cash‐for‐care schemes seems to go against the Nordic dual earner/dual carer model and ideals of gender equality, in supporting parental (maternal) care of the child in the home. At the same time, new upcoming trends of political fatherhood and the perspective of lifelong learning for the child are also changing the Nordic childcare model. This article provides an analysis of how new childcare policy goals have been articulated into policies from the late 1990s to the late 2000s and how these may challenge the traditional goals of the Nordic welfare states.     

Queens of the hill: Creative destruction and the emergence of executive leadership of women

Despite penetrating the middle management ranks of many U.S. businesses, women continue to lag far behind men in their appointments to top leadership positions. Many explanations exist for why the glass ceiling exists, but few theories offer suggestions for how women break through this ceiling. In this paper we propose that the concept of ‘creative destruction’ can help us understand why some women ascend to leadership positions. Using empirical research and anecdotal evidence from the experiences of several high-profile female executives, we argue that women may rise to leadership positions in turbulent environments that are receptive to new talent and open to innovative, bold ideas. Further, we propose that under these conditions women may be seen as especially attractive candidates to guide organizations because they are perceived to utilize a leadership style that promotes openness and inclusion, and facilitates change.     

Providing new opportunities or reinforcing old stereotypes? Perceptions and experiences of single-sex public education

There has been a widespread increase in single-sex public schooling in the U.S. following 2006 changes to the Department of Education regulations motivated by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Single-sex public schooling is viewed as a means to improve the educational experiences and performance of low-income youth of color. Yet little is known about its effects and efficacy, particularly for these populations. This article is based on a community-based participatory research project, on which high school students and university researchers collaborated, conducted in a low-income, African American high school implementing single-sex courses. Our findings challenge proponents' key assumptions that single-sex education will improve the academic achievement of low-income youth of color by 1) eliminating distraction from the other sex; 2) addressing the different learning styles of girls and boys; and 3) remedying inequities by offering these youth opportunities traditionally afforded to more privileged youth. While some distractions were decreased, others were increased or ignored; racialized stereotypes of hypersexuality and essentialized notions of gender were reinforced; and students felt punished rather than privileged by being separated by sex. We conclude that single-sex education as a public school option is a neoliberal approach to addressing low achievement that deflects attention from the structural inequities that created the problem and implicitly blames those experiencing oppression.     

Stereotypes as Ideologies. The case of Gender Categories

Abstract

The paper reviews some of the theoretical models of gender stereotypes. Different approaches, such as the sociocognitive, the intergroup, in particular the role model, the expectations model and the social function of stereotypes are discussed. Gender stereotypes are seen as social representations or collective ideologies defining models of behavior.     

The influence of individual health outcomes on individual savings behavior

In this essay, data from the 2006 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79-2006), and the two stage least squares (2SLS) estimation technique are used to investigate the relationship between health outcomes and the willingness of individuals (age 41–50) to save. Health perception, physical component score, mental component score, depression score and the diagnosis of a variety of health problems are used as health measures for the analysis described in this essay. We find that health perception and physical component score are positively related to the willingness of individuals to save; while the diagnosis of major health problems is negatively related to the willingness of individuals to save. The effect of mental component score and depression score on individuals’ willingness to save differs significantly between males and females. A higher mental component score is found to be positively related to the willingness of females to save; while depression score is found to affect the willingness of females to save negatively. Both mental component score and depression score are not related to the willingness of male respondents to save.