Qualitative differences in men and women police officers' experience of occupational stress

Gender differences in exposure to sources of occupational stress and experience of adverse consequences are explored in a study of 358 male and 139 female police constables engaged in uniformed patrol or detective duties from one large provincial English police force. Stressors were divided into those arising tiom police operational duties and those deriving tioni organizational and management issues. Women uniformed constables are less likely to be exposed to police operational stresson involving the potential for violence, but ifexposed they report more severe adverse reactions than uniformed policemen. Women unifomied officers and women detectives are more likely to be involved with victims ofviolence or sexual offences and the former report higher levels ofassociated self-perceived stress than their male counterparts. There are relatively few differences in exposure to organizational stressors except that women detectives and uniformed officers report higher rates of sex discrimination and prejudice than policemen. Multivariate analyses show gender and occupational role differences in qualitative features that contribute to reported psychologal distress. Results are discussed in terms of possible explanations for gender differences.     

中国高等教育中的社会性别现实

在中国高等教育领域,在过去的30多年中,女性获得了空前的准入机会。但是,从社会性别视角分析,在教育起点、教育过程和教育结果上,仍然存在明显的性别差异和熟视无睹的性别歧视,具体表现在:女性特别是农村女性获得高等教育的机会仍然偏少;在学科和专业上存在着性别隔离和性别分流现象;在教学资源分配和享有上存在性别差异;在教材和教学活动中存在性别歧视;在学生组织和活动中不断复制着传统角色的定型;校园文化中隐含着对女性的规诫和限制;存在着女生就业机会不公平和就业歧视。因此,推进高等教育领域中的性别平等,应是高等教育改革中的题中应有之义。     

公平正义与诚信

人无信不立,国无信不兴。诚实守信是政府、企事业单位和个人的基本行为准则,是思想道德建设的重点。加强诚信道德建设,关键是要维护社会的公平正义。公平正义是诚信的道德源泉,只要公道和清明常驻人心,人们就会按照理性和良心做事。公平正义的社会秩序使人之为人本身得到普遍的尊重,从而消除了人与人之间的猜疑与隔阂。这种尊重体现在机会公平、过程公平和结果公平之中。     

工资结构视角下高校绩效工资公平性问题探析

随着高校绩效工资的实施,绩效工资公平性问题必然会显现出来。从工资结构角度分析,高校绩效工资的公平性包含三个层面的含义,三个层面中引发不公平性问题的因素是高校工资与外部劳动力市场价格之间的对比、复杂的高校人员结构的划分、高校绩效工资等级间差距和等级内差别的划分,分析并探讨对绩效工资公平性产生影响的因素,是解决公平性问题的关键。     

城市流动少数民族人口的社会保障权及其实现

大杂居、小聚居的民族分布特点,从宏观上决定我国是一个民族杂居的大家庭。目前少数民族已遍布全国98％以上的县市,特别是对于一些大中城市,其区位优势、较快的经济发展都对少数民族流动人口具有巨大的吸引力。然而当少数民族流动人口从西部边疆和中部山区进入城市之后,失业保险、医疗保险、工伤保险、社会福利、社会优抚等社会保障权利常常得不到实现。造成这种状况的原因是多方面的,但思想观念和体制上的因素不容忽视,本文在对这些原因进行分析的基础上,提出了促进城市流动少数民族人口社会保障权实现的构想。     

结社理论与实践之探微——以托克维尔与密尔的视角为观照

随着世界民主化的浪潮,结社入宪,公民参与的声势愈益壮大,持续直到今天的公益组织,第三部门与第三方治理的演进与发展,结社可以说是方兴未艾。以托克维尔与密尔的思考作为审视结社理论与实践发展变迁的参照角度,同时梳理近现代以来结社理论的发展轨迹与主要命题,对结社理论从托克维尔与密尔以来的继承、执守、发展与变迁给予考察。     

我国转型期开征社会保障税的探析

社会保障费改税是全社会关注的话题。社会保障税开征与否,取决于社会保障制度类型和我国城镇化发展水平。统账结合社会保障制度模式、统筹层次偏低的现实以及城乡收入分配差距扩大、城乡二元经济结构决定现阶段不宜开征社会保障税。社会保障税是否开征不应陷入由部门利益决定的误区,制度自身的改革与完善、城乡社会保障一体化发展才是社会保障改革的必由道路。     

越南国企改革的性别视角分析

在进行国企改革前,诸如职业性别隔离、“玻璃天花板”现象、收入性别差异等越南就业结构的性别差异就已存在。越南国企改革不仅未有效消除这一差异,反而使其呈现强化的趋势,其表层原因是单位制的功能泛化与市场经济体制下的效率优先之间存在矛盾,其深层原因则是由私人领域传导到公共领域的社会性别分层机制的巨大影响。     

论非强制行政执法方式的人权意蕴——以非强制与强制的比较为视角

非强制行政执法方式是近年来我国行政执法创新的产物,相对于强制行政执法而言,它对行政相对方自由和平等的实现,以及提升政府保障人权得以实现的能力和水平等方面具有明显优势。这决定了非强制行政执法将会成为行政机关实现行政管理目标的主要手段。     

An investigation of the endowment effect using a factorial design

The endowment effect is interpreted as evidence that we may ‘over value’ objects we already own. In this study we introduce a novel approach to investigating the endowment effect, the factorial survey design, which enables manipulation of variables potentially influencing the endowment effect. We consider the value and uniqueness of the possession, whether it is a gift from a close friend and whether the trade is with a stranger. We find a higher endowment effect for possessions received as gifts from a close friend and this effect is entirely due to responses from women. Furthermore, we find significantly higher endowment effects for valuable possessions. Our results suggest there is ample scope for broadening the range of methods applied to this area of economic research.