Institutions and juvenile delinquency in historical perspective

This paper is an empirical historical study of institutionalization of juvenile delinquents. Estimates of institutionalization rates from 1820 to 1970 are presented. Rates have increased throughout this period, most rapidly in the second half of the 19th century and again during recent decades of the 20th century. Theories that have attempted to explain institutionalization are reviewed. However, the commonly accepted theories do not seem to comprehensively account for the observed pattern of institutional growth. A different perspective is offered, one that seems to fit the totality of data better than previous theories. The evidence suggests that institutionalization for juvenile delinquency has increased as a function of a changing vouth labor market—first the separation of work from family life, followed by a long-term decline in demand for young workers. As a dilemma in social planning related to juvenile delinquency, the findings suggest a need for providing con- structive social and economic alternatives to the declining youth labor market.     

Introduction to Special Issue: Population,Environment, and Poverty

Nationally and globally economic growth is not solving the problem of poverty. What other approaches can be recommended. A conference to discuss this question included William Rees, Herman Daly, Wes Jackson, Virginia Abernethy, and Majid Rahnema whose papers are included in this issue. Among the issues discussed is whether the contribution of nature to the economy should be taxed by government for the benefit of the poor; how current policies pauperize farmers and what can be done about it; and how population growth is related to economic prospects. The understanding of poverty as lack of the ability to acquire goods was challenged.     

艾略特对英国女性文学传统的继承

艾略特不仅与但丁和莎士比亚所代表的欧洲主流文学传统有着血脉相承的关系,而且对19世纪以来在英国形成的女性文学传统也有所继承。这种继承主要表现在他在诗歌中对女性正面形象的构建、对女性声音的强调以及不时渗透出的阴柔气质。艾略特笔下的女性不仅可爱,而且具有神性;她不仅是一位引领者,也是一位倾听者。艾略特对女性文学传统的继承反映了他内心深处对女性的尊重,也展示了他诗风的多样性和他丰富情感的另一面。     

A multivariate analysis of response structure: Race attitudes, 1972–1977

A particular kind of latent class model is used to characterize the unobservable variable measured by six discrete indicators of racial stance in 1972 and 1977. Methods recently introduced by Clogg and Goodman, 1982, Clogg and Goodman, 1983) for the simultaneous latent structure analysis of two multidimensional contingency tables are employed in across-year homogeneity tests on the latent class proportions. Trends in multivariate response patterns over the 5-year interval are then examined by cross-classifying the predicted latent variable with selected demographic characteristics of respondents in each year. The results indicate that (1) no significant changes in the distribution of the latent variable occurred over the 5-year time period, and (2) the status of certain demographic variables as predictors of racial stance fluctuated between the two survey years.     

论乔治三世个人专制终结的原因

18世纪后半叶,乔治三世通过强化君主权力、建立“国王之友”内阁,从而确立起个人专制统治.这一逆历史潮流而动的做法,在英国遭遇到各界的质疑和反对.威尔克斯事件的爆发、伯克等人的批判与乡绅请愿运动的兴起、北美殖民地的独立及其对英国的影响,从不同层面冲击着乔治三世的个人专制统治,最终促使乔治三世个人专制统治的终结.     

论乔治·艾略特晚期作品中的伦理主题

乔治·艾略特捕捉到了弥漫于19世纪英国社会的情感结构,多角度探讨了工业化浪潮下社会价值观的变迁对人类社会的精神冲击。在传统的宗教性超越秩序解体的情况下,如何找到新的现实秩序的支撑,从而摆脱道德上的相对主义和虚无主义,解决现代性道德文化危机是乔治·艾略特追问的问题。作者提倡通过扩大人类同情心和“尽义务”来增强社会凝聚力、促进个人及社会道德进步,从而实现个人与社会、个人与个人之间的和谐发展。     

论《织工马南传》的反讽艺术

英国女作家乔治.艾略特的小说《织工马南传》,不仅在微观语义浅显层面上使用了反讽辞格,更主要的是在小说的结构上,小说中人物的塑造以及主题的揭示与展开上,把反讽作为一种宏观意味的文学创作原则,从而增强了作品的道德感染力和艺术魅力。     

道德寓言与宗教情怀--论乔治·爱略特的小说创作

乔治·爱略特的小说由于对道德问题的特别关注而成为道德的寓言,也饱含着强烈的宗教情怀。这种对人类命运的普遍同情与关注之情流露在爱略特思想里,贯穿于爱略特的创作中。正是对真挚道德的呼唤与宗教伦理的关怀使爱略特跃居为维多利亚时代小说家中的佼佼者。     

《丹尼尔·德隆达》中女性人物的双重象征

《丹尼尔·德隆达》是乔治.艾略特的最后一部小说,其以格温多琳为代表的女性人物的成功塑造得到了评论界的一致称赞。艾略特通过真实的描述,阐述了初步具有女性意识的现代女性在主观精神世界里是如何经过痛苦的自我解剖,逐步完成对自己的认识和理解。从女性主义与心理学两个角度,对小说中主要女性人物身上所具有的群体双重象征意义进行深入分析与探讨,得出她们在女性自我身份和完整人格方面的追寻至今仍具有普遍意义的结论,从而解释了《丹尼尔》为何具有跨越时代的生命力。     

布什当政以来的中美关系

布什及其主要助手是怀着对中国的战略疑虑进入政府的。 2 0 0 1年 4月的海南撞机事件使中美关系又遭遇一次危机。“9·11”及其以后的反恐战争促使了中美关系的改善 :它结束了冷战结束后美国对华政策的辩论 ,在一定程度上改变了美国人对中国的看法。中美两国在反恐和朝核问题上的合作表明 ,中美关系的基础在扩大。中美关系的关键仍然是妥善处理台湾问题。