Detecting outliers: power and some other considerations

The general problem of outlier detection and five recursive outlier detection procedures considered in the study are defined. The methods to compute powers, probabilities of detecting ≥1 outliers, and >1 observations including at least one inlier as outliers are computed and results are discussed. Results show that no procedure is most powerful when the actual number of outlier present in the sample is exactly, under-, and overestimated. The probabilities of inliers being detected as outliers are also substantial particularly when outliers occur only on one side of the sample     

Asymptotic behavior of iterative m-estimators for the linear model

In this paper, we study the M-estimators for the linear model when they are computed by a class of numerical iterative procedures. This class includes the usual method of Newton-Raphson, iteratively reweighted least squares and iterative winsorization. We show that under mild conditions, the numerical iterative procedures converge and the resulting estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal.     

Non-parametric testing for the number of change points in a sequence of independent random variables

A non-parametric procedure is derived for testing for the number of change points in a sequence of independent continuously distributed variables when there is no prior information available. The procedure is based on the Kruskal–Wallis test, which is maximized as a function of all possible places of the change points. The procedure consists of a sequence of non-parametric tests of nested hypotheses corresponding to a decreasing number of change points. The properties of this procedure are analyzed by Monte Carlo methods and compared to a parametric procedure for the case that the variables are exponentially distributed. The critical values are given for sample sizes up to 200.     

k-sample rank tests using pair-specific scoring functions

In this paper we consider generalizations of the distribution-free one-way ANOVA test procedures studied by Puri (1965), such generalizations allowing for possibly different scoring functions for different pairs of samples. The asymptotic distributions of the test statistics are derived and formulas for the asymptotic relative efficiencies of these tests with respect to a parametric competitor are obtained. Applications of these procedures to settings of ordered and umbrella alternatives are presented and potential advantages of this pair-specific scoring scheme are discussed.     

论"安乐死"的构成要素及道德冲突——基于医疗领域内对人的生命的一种医疗干预

严格意义上的"安乐死"即法律上应予以合法化的"安乐死",是指在医疗领域发生的,由医护人员来实施的,由疾病患者所要求并且由疾病患者来承担的,旨在无痛苦地解除患者痛苦并且该目的之实现在技术和操作上是可行的一种人为致人死亡的死亡实施或死亡过程."安乐死"之所以为社会所广泛关注和争议,除了"安乐死"在具体实施方面的有关困难和风险之外,就是因为它必然地涉及各种尖锐复杂的伦理关系,并深刻地蕴含着来自人类若干普遍性道德原则的价值冲突.     

Monte Carlo studies of some adaptive robust procedures for location

One linear and two nonlinear adaptive robust procedures have been developed in which preliminary statistics, based on tail lengths, attempt to identify distributions from which the samples arise so that a suitable robust estimator based on trimmed means can be used to estimate the location parameter. The efficiencies of the estimators based on the three proposed adaptive robust procedures have been obtained using Monte Carlo methods involving eight distributions and these efficiencies are compared with the efficiencies of nineteen other robust estimators.     

《巴黎协定》减排承诺下不遵约情事程序研究

在全球气候治理的新形势下,《巴黎协定》第15条提出将建立一个能够让各国遵守减排承诺的遵约机制。这种遵约机制建立的核心是对没有履行减排承诺的缔约国制定不遵约情事程序。减排承诺下的不遵约情事程序是一种促进性的、不以惩罚性为主的遵约保障程序,各缔约方就该程序的制定尚未能达成一致。在处理不遵约情事程序和条约强制性要素的关系、不遵约情事如何体现共同但有区别责任原则以及其与透明度规则、全球盘点机制的关系等方面困境重重。为构建一个遵约实效和减排计划相匹配的程序规则,应当以独立性遵约委员会为监管主体,结合国家减排能力,明确不遵约的各种情事边界和执行措施。制定包含资金、技术支持的援助性条款,同时对恶意逃避遵约等情况也制定谴责、中止相关权利等条款。不遵约情事程序仍然会以鼓励遵约为主,以期对各缔约方履行减排承诺和遵守遵约目标进行保障。     

Reporting Sexual Harassment: The Importance of Organizational Culture and Trust

Few victims of sexual harassment at work file complaints. The current study looks at ways in which the organizational climate, including trust in the system and fear of reprisal, impacts victim decisions to file complaints. A military sample offers the advantage of a work context with formalized reporting processes and a highly segregated and gendered work environment. The findings indicate that fear of coworker backlash keeps victims from seeking organizational relief. Such non-formal consequences of reporting should be addressed in future workplace sexual harassment policies. The findings also suggest that widespread mishandling of complaints erodes trust in the grievance process, which may in turn influence future responses to sexual harassment. The discussion highlights the limitations of current cross-sectional research designs for identifying the causal order of this trust-filing relationship and suggests ways in which future quantitative studies may be designed to gain a broader understanding of the dynamic relationship between organizational context and victim response.

高师数学专业基础主干课程"分层递进教学"探究

为解决目前的高等师范院校数学专业基础主干课程教学中出现的问题,全面提高学生数学学习能力,提出了“分层递进教学”的改革实验,本文试从问题的提出、理论依据、基本模式、教学策略、教学效果等方面,详细分析这种教学模式。