强束流Zr离子注入H13钢改善其耐磨性研究

采用由金属蒸汽真空弧离子源引出的强束流Ｚｒ,Ｚｒ＋Ｃ离子对Ｈ１３钢进行了离子束表面处理,借助划痕仪和摩擦试验机分别测量了经表面处理的Ｈ１３钢的耐磨性和摩擦系数。研究结果表明：经Ｚｒ,Ｚｒ＋Ｃ离子束处理的Ｈ１３钢的耐磨性有所提高,摩擦系数明显降低,采用卢瑟福背散射谱（ＲＢＳ）ｘ射线衍射分析了注入层的成分,结构及影响其耐磨性的因素。     

碰撞、交织、融合——中国现代主义诗人与奥登的历史渊源

中国现代诗歌受W·H·奥登的影响颇深,对这种影响作出如实的整理和辩证的分析,廓清他们之间的关系无疑是必要的。中国现代主义诗人与奥登的联系有着一种内在的必然性,他们在思想上与奥登产生碰撞的火花。而共同的生命体验和自觉追求诗歌的丰富性和深刻性架起了他们沟通的桥梁。     

新中国60年劳伦斯研究之考察与分析

中国的劳伦斯研究从20世纪30年代开始起步,自80年代起走向繁荣。在80年代,劳伦斯笔下的性描写是学者关注的中心,也鼓舞和启发了中国作家对人性的深入探索。90年代之后,中国学者对劳伦斯研究的范围不断扩大,对其创作中的工业文明与大自然的冲突主题、两性关系主题、死亡与再生主题,非理性心理描写、原始主义等问题都进行了深入探究,也对其作品中的象征隐喻手法进行了全面的分析。精神分析、生态批评、比较文学,以及原型批评、解构主义批评、叙事学、伦理学批评等研究方法,都应用于劳伦斯研究,取得了可观的成绩。另一方面,中国的劳伦斯作品翻译良莠不齐,研究的低水平重复、缺乏学术规范现象也十分严重。     

《长恨歌》主题辨析

《长恨歌》主题历来颇多争议,在教学过程中亦常有“主题之辩”等疑窦。不管是暴露说、讽喻规正说还是爱情说,总觉得有失偏颇;双重或多重主题,尽管中庸,但又太过笼统。不妨在双重或多重主题的前提下,偏重情爱,偏重伤感,采用“讽婉”或“讽劝”等概念,就可较为准确地揭示《长恨歌》动之以情、婉转以劝并以帝王切身之痛而达到的基本价值取向,这将会更加切合诗的原意,而且还可以弥补或者中和学术界在定性李隆基和杨玉环关系方面存在的分歧进而达成共识。     

华人编辑与《万国公报》

《万国公报》是晚清时期一份颇具影响的刊物。它的出名,既与美国监理会传教士林乐知密不可分,又与供职于其间的华人编辑息息相关。文章详细论述了这一群体,并分析了这批华人编辑在供职《万国公报》时期的活动和言论。     

And yet they Co-move! Public capital and productivity in OECD

In this paper, we add to the debate on the public capital–productivity link by applying very recent developments in the panel time series literature that take into account cross sectional correlation in non-stationary panels. In particular, we evaluate the productive effect of public capital by estimating various production functions on a panel of 21 OECD countries over the period 1975–2002. Our results suggest that public capital has a positive long run impact on output, with elasticities that range between 0.05 and 0.15, depending on model specification. These findings are robust to the existence of spillover effects from public capital investments in other countries and to the inclusion of other productivity determinants, like human capital, the stock of patents and R&D capital. Finally, we do not find any important effect of public capital on GDP in the short run: this suggests that public infrastructure investments might not be a powerful countercyclical policy instrument.     

POLITICAL SELECTION IN CHINA: THE COMPLEMENTARY ROLES OF CONNECTIONS AND PERFORMANCE

Who becomes a top politician in China? We focus on provincial leaders—a pool of candidates for top political office—and examine how their chances of promotion depend on their performance in office and connections with top politicians. Our empirical analysis, based on the curriculum vitae of Chinese politicians, shows that connections and performance are complements in the Chinese political selection process. This complementarity is stronger the younger provincial leaders are relative to their connected top leaders. To provide one plausible interpretation of these empirical findings, we propose a simple theory in which the complementarity arises because connections foster loyalty of junior officials to senior ones, thereby allowing incumbent top politicians to select competent provincial leaders without risking being ousted. Our findings shed some light on why a political system known for patronage can still select competent leaders.     

MANAGED COMPETITION IN HEALTH INSURANCE

Rising healthcare costs have sparked debate about the best way to provide high‐quality affordable health insurance. We discuss the potential for regulated insurance markets to outperform single‐payer public insurance. We use as an example the private Medicare plans that now provide insurance to almost a third of seniors in the United States. The evidence suggests that private plans can limit costs and potentially appeal to enrollees, and that well‐designed risk adjustment can mitigate market failures due to adverse selection. However, fostering competition between insurers, especially in smaller markets, is difficult. We discuss how future research might illuminate the relative advantages of public and private health insurance.     

The Economic Efficiency of Sampling Size: The Case of Beef Trim

The economically optimal sample size in a food safety test balances the marginal costs and marginal benefits of increasing the sample size. We provide a method for selecting the sample size when testing beef trim for Escherichia coli O157:H7 that equates the averted costs of recalls and health damages from contaminated meats sold to consumers with the increased costs of testing while allowing for uncertainty about the underlying prevalence rates of contamination. Using simulations, we show that, in most cases, the optimal sample size is larger than the current sample size of 60 and, in some cases, it exceeds 120. Moreover, lots with a lower prevalence rate have a higher expected damage because contamination is more difficult to detect. Our simulations indicate that these lots have a higher optimal sampling rate.     

HOW DO ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AFFECT FISCAL POLICY? EVIDENCE FROM CANTONAL PARLIAMENTS, 1890–2000

Using a new data set on Swiss cantons since 1890, we analyze how the adoption of proportional representation affects fiscal policy. In line with economic theory, we show that proportional systems shift spending toward broad goods (like education and welfare benefits) but decrease spending on geographically targetable goods (like roads). We find little evidence that proportional representation increases the overall size of government. An analysis of the underlying theoretical mechanisms reveals that proportional representation increases electoral turnout, left‐wing representation, and political fragmentation. These changes in political representation explain a substantial share of the rise in education spending, but a small share of the rise in welfare spending or the decline in road expenditures.