企业"二元结构"的成因、危害与根治

企业"二元结构",是指在同一企业或单位内存在着两种截然不同的用工制度和劳动制度,从劳动者、劳动岗位、劳动条件、劳动报酬和劳动保障等,分别在两条不同的轨道上运行.形成企业"二元结构"的原因主要有用工和劳动制度改革中的歧区,农村剩余劳动力的大量涌流和企业既得利益团体的形成.应从尊重农民工的合法权利、严格按"劳动法"办事等方面来进行根治.     

可辩解型产品伤害危机应对策略对品牌资产的影响研究:调节变量和中介变量的作用

企业创建品牌资产需要多年努力,但毁掉它可能仅需一场危机。在可辩解型产品伤害危机发生后,不同的企业采取了不同的应对策略。这说明,对哪种应对策略能有效保护品牌资产这一问题,企业之间没有共识。为解答上述问题,本文用实验法展开研究,结果表明:(1)对企业自身而言,最优的是辩解策略,其次是攻击策略和缄默策略,最差的是和解策略;(2)外界澄清的说服力更强,会淡化企业应对策略间的差异,更有利于保护品牌资产;(3)在无外界应对、采取辩解策略时,企业声誉会正向调节企业应对策略对品牌资产的影响;(4)在各种自变量影响品牌资产的过程中,心理风险充当了中介作用。以上发现为正确应对可辩解型产品伤害危机、有效保护品牌资产提供了启示。     

Estimating the Health Impacts of Tobacco Harm Reduction Policies: A Simulation Modeling Approach

With adult smoking prevalence rates declining too slowly to reach national objectives, opinion leaders are considering policies to improve tobacco-related outcomes by regulating the composition of cigarettes to be (1) less harmful and/or (2) less addictive. Because harm reduction efforts may actually encourage higher cigarette consumption by promoting a safer image, and addictiveness reduction may increase the harmfulness of cigarettes by encouraging compensatory smoking behaviors, policymakers must consider the tradeoffs between these two approaches when proposing legislation to control cigarette content. To estimate health impacts, we developed a dynamic computer model simulating changes in the age- and gender-specific smoking behaviors of the U.S. population over time. Secondary data for model parameters were obtained from publicly available sources. Population health impacts were measured as change in smoking prevalence and the change in cumulative quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in the U.S. population over 75 years. According to the risk-use threshold matrix generated by the simulation, modifying cigarettes to reduce their harmfulness and/or addictiveness could result in important gains to the nation's health. Addictiveness reduction efforts producing a 60% improvement in smoking behavior change probabilities would produce a net gain in population health at every plausible level of increase of smoking-related harm that was modeled. A 40% reduction in smoking-related harm would produce a net QALY gain at every level of behavior change considered. This research should prove useful to policymakers as they contemplate giving the FDA the authority to regulate the composition of cigarettes.     

通辽地区芍药根结线虫病的危害调查

对通辽市主要花卉种植区的芍药进行了调查。结果表明 ,根结线虫病发病率有上升趋势 ,有的地区发病级别达 2～ 3级 ,发病率达 31%。北方根结线虫 (Meloidogynehapla)为优势种 ,同时发现了少量的南方根结线虫 (M .incognita)。 10 - 30cm土层中根结线虫群体数量较大 ,1-10cm土层和 50cm深处也有一定的分布     

从效益角度认识民事诉讼中的审判独立

审判独立作为一项现代法治原则 ,是由资产阶级三权分立学说派生而来的。以往对审判独立的论述 ,大都是从公正角度出发 ,其实 ,审判独立对效益同样具有重要影响。本文将从效益角度出发认识审判独立 ,以推进民事诉讼制度的改革。     

Secrecy Surrounding the Physical Abuse of Child Athletes in Australia

Over the past two decades there has been a growing awareness that sport may not be a positive experience for all children. For example, we know that some children experience sexual abuse in the context of organised sport, and that these offences are often committed by trusted adults, including coaches and club officials. However, less attention has been given to the physical abuse of child athletes. This paper presents a study that explored children's experiences of organised sport, as recounted by young people between the ages of 18 and 25 years in Australia. The study explored the experience of child physical abuse in organised sport including violence, overtraining, and training while injured. A mixed methods research design produced 107 survey responses and 10 in-depth interviews with young adults. Most respondents reported the positive impact that participating in sport had had on their development, but more than a third of the respondents also described experiences of overtraining, being forced to train when injured or of direct physical violence. Drawing upon a thematic analysis of the qualitative data, a conceptual model has been developed and is presented to assist in the understanding of the dynamic of secrecy, which may facilitate ongoing physical harm to children in this context.     

Protecting Clients From Harm: The Role of Continuing Professional Education

Abstract

In the absence of professional regulation and in the context of a changing and competitive environment, the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW) encourages member commitment to self-regulation and continuing professional education (CPE). Continuing professional education is promoted as the platform upon which the credibility of the entire profession of social work and the maintenance of high-quality standards of practice rest. High practice standards are integral to the protection of vulnerable people from potential unethical, inappropriate and harmful practice. The present article asserts that Australia's changing and competitive environment, driven by prevailing ideologies and policies, has an impact on social work practice and is harmful to vulnerable clients. In order to protect vulnerable clients from harm and to maintain high standards of practice, the AASW's CPE programme arguably needs to include topics that enhance professional knowledge of current ideologies and policies and their impact on social work practice and clients.     

美国青少年色腥问题及法律规制

电讯技术的进步,同时带来许多社会风险,青少年色腥即是一个显著的例子。美国似乎迎来了一个由中高年级学生始作俑的色腥高潮,不经意间对青少年自身乃至社会造成危害,至今,已有两名少女因此而自杀身亡。应对色腥当然应该采取多样化的手段,除了教育之外,法律规制也不可少。然而,利用儿童色情法来起诉青少年色腥与立法的旨趣相左,而且有过苛之嫌,宜修正儿童色情法,与时俱进地应对科技时代信息技术迅猛发展的挑战。     

Children's Experience of Sport: What Do We Really Know?

Internationally, children's participation in leisure activities, including sport, is considered to be of such importance that it is enshrined as a human right. However, there is a growing awareness that children's experience of sport is not always benign; abuse and harm frequently occur within a broad range of organised sport contexts. This systematic literature review examines the international research evidence from both peer reviewed and grey literature on the abuse and harm of children that can occur in sport. Four areas of focus were apparent in this literature: first, types of abuse encountered by children in sport and the harm caused to them; second, persons responsible for the abuse and harm; third, circumstances under which children may be most vulnerable; and fourth, the role that culture plays in facilitating abuse in sport. The paper concludes identifying the need for further research in this domain.     

组织出卖人体器官罪的基本问题

组织出卖人体器官罪的人体器官,不能按照《人体器官移植条例》确定,而应当根据刑法的目的与用语可能具有的含义确定;应当承认违法的相对性,本罪的被组织者对自己的伤害结果不成立共犯;组织是指使他人出卖人体器官的一切行为。对自己决定权的尊重存在一定界限,被害人对重伤害的承诺原则上无效,只是在例外情况下阻却伤害行为的违法性;出卖器官的承诺存在自主缺陷,因而不是有效的承诺。本罪与故意杀人罪、故意伤害罪不是对立关系,以强迫、欺骗方法组织他人出卖人体器官的,同时触犯本罪与故意杀人罪、故意伤害罪,从一重罪论处。