再论分析和综合的思维方法

通过对黑格尔、马克思主义经典作家对分析和综合的论述,以及辩证思维几种基本方法的比较研究,认为分析和综合是辨证思维的更基本、更重要的方法。     

Use of Dummy Variables in Testing for Equality between Sets of Coefficients in Two Linear Regressions: A Note

Elementary inductive proofs are presented for the binomial approximation to the hypergeometric distribution, the density of an order statistic, and the distribution of when X ₁, ···, X _n are a sample from N (μ, 1).     

浅谈对概念聚类AOI算法分析的改进

随着网络技术的发展,针对网络服务的攻击数量和严重程度显著提高,而这些报警数据大部分都是重复的、无效的。采用经典的面向属性的归纳（Attribute-Oriented Induction,AOI）算法进行概念聚类虽可以大幅度提高处理这些数据的工作量,然而在实际的工作中并不显得非常有效,本文就如何改进其算法作了说细的说明。     

Castor oil for induction of labor in post-date pregnancies: A randomized controlled trial

Background

Castor oil is a substance used for labor induction in an inpatient setting. However, its efficacy as an agent for the induction of labor, for post-date pregnancies in an outpatient setup is unknown.

“悲观归纳”与科学实在论的辩护问题

科学实在论试图通过溯因推理方法保留认识论的乐观主义,将科学在现实社会中取得的成功作为理论具有真理性的最佳理由,这就是的著名的非奇迹论证。劳丹、普特南等人则针对这种最佳解释推理模式,提出了悲观归纳论题,他们借助历史主义的案例分析方法,揭示了实在论非奇迹辩护推理模式存在的问题:科学理论的成功(包括预测和解释的成功)与其真理性并无因果必然联系,其论证不符合科学史事实。悲观归纳问题提出以后,局部实在论逐渐发展成为科学实在论新的主要辩护策略,它初步解答了劳丹等人的质疑。但从总体来看,科学实在论还是面临着一系列理论难题,需要从理论上进一步回应悲观归纳问题的挑战。     

从产业发展演进探索上海产业转型

"创新驱动发展、经济转型升级"是上海产业发展应遵循的总方针。行业比重处于扩张期的、对国民经济拉动作用大于社会平均水平的行业属于未来需要重点关注和发展的行业。上海未来产业发展要关注:提高新一代信息技术产业、新能源产业的能级;进一步做强上海高端制造业品牌;提升金融、贸易、航运、信息等服务业水平;发挥旅游业对上海经济的带动作用;调整、转型,发挥重化工业在上海经济中的作用;不可忽视建筑业、房地产业在经济发展中的作用。     

Induction of labour: Experiences of care and decision-making of women and clinicians

BackgroundThere has been a rise in induction of labour over recent decades. There is some tension in the literature in relation to when induction is warranted and when not, with variability between guidelines and practice. Given these tensions, the importance of shared decision-making between clinicians and women is increasingly highlighted as paramount, but it remains unclear to what extent this occurs in routine care.MethodUsing a scoping review methodology, quantitative and qualitative evidence were considered to answer the research question “What are the views, preferences and experiences of women and clinicians in relation to induction of labour more broadly, and practices of decision-making specifically?” To identify studies, the databases PubMed, Maternity and Infant Care, CINAHL and EMBASE were searched from 2008 to 2018, and reference lists of included studies were examined.Findings20 papers met inclusion criteria, in relation to (a) women’s preferences, experiences and satisfaction with IOL; (b) women’s experience of shared-decision making in relation to induction; (c) interventions that improve shared decision-making and (d) factors that influence decision-making from the perspective of clinicians. Synthesis of the included studies indicates that decision-making in relation to induction of labour is largely informed by medical considerations. Women are not routinely engaged in the decision making process with expectations and preferences largely unmet.ConclusionThere is a need to develop strategies such as decision aids, the redesign of antenatal classes, and clinician communication training to improve the quality of information available to women and their capacity for informed decision-making.     

The Dawn is Too Distant: The Experience of 28 Social Work Graduates Entering the Social Work Field in China

Nurturing new, competent social work professionals requires multilevel preparation extending from school to the workplace. However, not much has been done to understand this school-to-work transition process in countries where the social work profession is still in an early stage of development. This paper reports the findings of an exploratory qualitative study of 28 new social workers in China, where social work is an emerging profession, on how they entered the field and what challenges they encountered. Their stories indicate that what they learned in school did form a foundation for the establishment of their professional identity in the workplace. However, due to workplace politics and to the lack of recognition of their professional status, they experienced an unsettling induction process. Coupled with the challenges of inadequate financial compensation, the careers of these new social workers may face an early end despite the great future for the profession promised by the government. Implications of this study for social work education in China are also discussed.     

从归纳法的兴衰看西方科学哲学的演变

归纳法在西方科学哲学的发展历程中占据着重要地位,它的兴衰就像一面镜子,反映出西方科学哲学发展演变的全貌。从归纳法的辉煌成功到“休谟问题”的出现,再到逻辑经验主义对归纳法的拯救,最后到波普尔对它的全盘否定,反映出了西方科学哲学从与科学发展的实际紧密相连到裂隙的出现,再到弥合裂隙的努力,最后终于与科学渐行渐远的全过程。     

惠威尔和密尔关于归纳的争论

归纳法是科学哲学探讨的重要问题,围绕着这一问题的争议至今未休,惠威尔和密尔这两位著名科学哲学家的争论是其中的重要一页。他们对归纳的定义、归纳的功能、归纳的机制、假说与归纳关系都有着不同的看法,并影响着后来归纳法的发展。了解二人的争论,有助于加深对归纳法及其发展路径的理解。