Risk factors and services for child maltreatment among infants and young children

Objectives

Child maltreatment (CM) causes injury in large numbers of U.S. children. This study uses a large, multi-state dataset of child protective services reports for infants and young children under five years of age to examine risk factors and the effects of services in confirmed maltreatment investigations and recurrence over five years.

Methods

The Child Files of the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) for 2003-2007 were used to study confirmed CM reports to child protective services (CPS) using regression models and survival analysis among a cohort of children first reported during 2003.

Results

There were 1.2 million confirmed maltreatment reports to state child protective services agencies in 22 states during 2003-2007 in NCANDS, including 177,568 infants and young children under five years. 19.3% had a second confirmed CM report within 5 years. White race, inadequate housing and receiving public assistance were associated with significantly increased risk of CM recurrence. Infants and young children received more services and had less recurrence than did older children.

Conclusions

Infants and young children have different risk factors and receive different services than do older children in the CPS system. We need additional research to further assess and better target services for the special needs of infants, young children and their families if we are to protect them and reduce future child maltreatment.     

空间溢出视角下的生产性服务业集聚与长三角城市群经济增长效率

本文利用空间杜宾模型实证研究了生产性服务业集聚对长三角城市群经济增长效率的影响及空间溢出效应。结果表明,生产性服务业集聚不仅能够显著提升本地区的经济增长效率,还对邻近城市具有正向的空间溢出效应,但这种影响在生产性服务业的细分行业之间存在一定异质性。进一步分析发现,生产性服务业集聚的MAR外部性和Jacobs外部性都有利于长三角城市群经济增长效率的提升,而Porter外部性对经济增长效率具有负面影响。在空间溢出效应方面,Jacobs外部性对经济发展水平相近的城市具有负向溢出效应,Porter外部性对人力资本水平相近的城市具有正向溢出效应。此外,生产性服务业与制造业协同集聚对本地区和人力资本水平相近城市的经济增长效率具有显著促进作用,但对邻近城市和经济发展水平相近城市的经济增长效率因"虹吸效应"而产生一定的抑制作用。这些研究,对如何更有针对性地加快提升长三角城市群经济增长效率,提供了有价值的理论依据。     

关于上海推进“医养融合”的思考与建议

"医养融合"反映了"持续照料"的养老理念,包括3个相互关联的阶段:一是病前的疾病预防,二是病中的便捷就医,三是病后的康复护理。上海人口老龄化伴随着严重的高龄化趋势,对医疗卫生服务提出了更迫切的要求。国内各省市在加强医疗资源和养老资源融合发展方面,主要有4种模式,分别是合作模式(双向转诊模式)、内设模式、转化模式和输出模式。上海推进"医养融合"应建立健全相关制度、推进养老资源与医疗卫生资源的合作、支持有条件的养老机构设置医疗机构、鼓励相关养老产业发展以及加强老年医护人员队伍建设。     

香港的家庭健康服务

介绍了香港家庭健康服务的工作范围、作用及健康人员的培训,以对内地计划生育工作有借鉴作用     

公共服务均等化:制度障碍与发展理路

当前,公共服务非均等不但存在于城乡之间和地区之间,更存在于社会不同群体之间,导致多样化的社会矛盾和不稳定.公共服务非均等有其深刻的制度根源与路径依赖性.推进公共服务均等化的思路应以民主政治制度变革创造有效的制度环境,以硬约束性法治制度安排为保障,以均等化体系建设为重点,以公共财政制度安排调整为支点,借助社会力量和市场力量,实现城乡之间、地区之间、不同社会群体之间均等地享有应有的公共服务.公共服务均等化体系建设需要系统规划和注重制度间的协调匹配性,形成制度合力,才能有效实现公共服务均等化战略.     

Strengthening Social Work Approaches Through Advancing Knowledge of Early Childhood Intervention

Early childhood professionals—social workers, educators, speech therapists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, pediatricians, and others—create the foundation for a life-long duration of experiences that families, who have children with disabilities, will have with various professional groups. The nature of the early childhood interventionists' interaction, treatment, services or supports of the child and the attitudes conveyed to families during these critical early years may be a significant factor in the willingness of families and young adults to continue to pursue therapeutic and supportive services. With insights into early intervention best practices, social workers are likely to find themselves in a preferred position to plan appropriate family-focused intervention strategies that may encourage success and prevent complications or a worsening of specific initial conditions among children with disabilities.     

关于建立社会福利机构绩效评估体系的设想

针对我国社会福利服务事业刚刚起步、对社会福利机构尚缺乏有效监管和测评方法的现实 ,从社会福利机构绩效评估的定义入手 ,借鉴已有研究成果 ,提出了建立一个本土化的社会福利机构绩效评估体系的设想。     

Social Services Provided for Physically Abused Children: A Four-Year Follow-Up Study in Sweden

This paper examines contacts that Swedish physically abused children have with the Department of Social Services (DSS) 4 years after a physical abuse incident has been reported to the police. The children’s files have been investigated in an effort to evaluate which child and parent characteristics led DSS to make interventions for the 69 children still in need of assistance, 4 years after the original abuse incident. Intervention by the DSS prior to the reported abuse incident increased the odds 18 times that a child would still receive interventions 4 years after the incident, and the presence of a mentally ill mother increased the odds 11 times.     

Kinship Care Providers: Designing an Array of Supportive Services

Kinship care, the placement of children with their relatives, has become an integral part of the child welfare system in the United States. It is also becoming a more established way of meeting the needs of children in care in other western countries (Greeff, 1999). However, kinship care did not emerge as a child welfare issue until the late 1980s, and only recently has it become a part of the formalized system for out-of-home care (Hegar & Scannapieco, 1995). Since that time, many states have come to rely more heavily on placements with relatives to meet the needs of children removed from parental custody. For example, California has placed approximately 51% of the foster care population in kinship care, while Illinois has placed 55% (GAO, 1999).Discussion about the reasons for the increases in kinship care has been widespread (Brooks & Barth, 1998; Gleeson, 1999; Harvey, 1999; Hegar & Scannapieco, 2000). Regardless of the impetus behind the increased use of kinship care, states must now incorporate kinship foster care into the traditional foster care system in order to qualify them for federal funding (O'Laughlin, 1998). The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 amended federal law to require that states give priority to relatives when deciding with whom to place children who are in the foster care system (GAO, 1999).The apparent paradigm shift from traditional foster parents to kinship care parents (Hegar, 1999) requires that agencies use both different approaches to assessment (Scannapieco & Hegar, 1996) and provide different types of intervention and services. Adapting placement services to the needs of kinship care providers is the focus of this article.     

论服务贸易发展趋势及中国服务贸易发展的思路

本文分析了在经济全球化进程逐渐加快且成为世界经济发展主流的条件下 ,国际服务贸易发展的若干新特征 ,以及服务贸易自由化趋势的基本特点。在此基础上 ,提出了开放服务市场是中国参与经济全球化的重要举措 ,中国服务贸易市场准入条件已有改善 ,有步骤地推进服务贸易的开放 ,加强政府在促进服务贸易中的作用等中国发展服务贸易的思路