The multinationalization of developing country MNEs: The case of multilatinas

I study the multinationalization — the decision to establish foreign direct investment (FDI) — of developing country firms, in particular Latin American ones or “Multilatinas”. Despite a long exporting tradition, many firms in Latin America have only recently become multinational enterprises (MNEs). The analysis of case studies reveals three insights. First, Multilatinas take a long time to become MNEs, reflecting the additional challenges and need for sophisticated advantages for establishing FDI. Second, Multilatinas are induced to become MNEs after changes in the home country that follow structural reform induce them to upgrade their competitiveness to international levels. As a result, they can overcome the difficulties of establishing FDI and become MNEs. Third, Multilatinas follow four strategies in their selection of the country where to establish FDI first depending on the interplay between difficulties and advantages of operating abroad. These three arguments build on and link the notion of advantages of internationalization put forward by the eclectic paradigm of international production and the idea of difficulties in internationalization presented by the incremental internationalization model. The strategies are explained by the balancing of the ease of overcoming difficulties and the advantages derived from foreign operations.     

试论人民币的可兑换与国际化

实现人民币的完全可自由兑换是我国外汇制度改革的目标之一,这一过程应有序推进,并注意防范风险.同时,应在此基础上为人民币的国际化做准备,使人民币在未来国际货币体系中发挥重要作用.应对目前人民币的升值压力应着眼并服务于这一趋势和进程.     

主权债务问题和国际货币体系变化的新趋势

国际金融危机以来,主要发达国家面临"高债务和高赤字"问题,财政状况不断恶化,主权债务问题导致主要国际货币大幅度波动,国际货币体系变得更加不稳定。国际金融危机使得美元主导国际货币体系的内在矛盾凸显,美元汇率的剧烈波动对全球经济的冲击较大,改革国际货币体系的呼声越来越高。目前美国财政赤字和债务水平仍然较高,未来美元汇率的不稳定性和不确定性仍然较大,"去美元化"将成为一种趋势,欧元、日元等货币都难以替代美元,国际货币体系的格局将朝多元化方向发展。新兴市场经济国家货币正在崛起,中国应该抓住机遇,稳步推进人民币国际化。     

战后日本国际教育的政策调整

战后日本经济的迅速恢复和发展,推动了它的国际化进程。日本对国际化的追求,使日本政府在教育领域适时地调整了留学生交流制度等对外教育政策;其对外教育政策转向以人员交流为主的、外向"发射型"的方向发展;日本对外教育政策的调整与国际化之间形成了良性的互动关系。     

高等教育国际化的内涵,影响和对策

本文探讨了高等教育国际化的丰富内涵和发展趋势以及它对发展中国家的双重影响 ,提出了扬长避短 ,充分利用高等教育国际化的有利因素 ,促进我国高等教育迅速发展的策略和途径。     

Leadership and business model innovation in late internationalizing SMEs

Drawing on the distinction between small-scale and large-scale business model innovation, and between directive and empowering leadership, we examine how CEOs in SMEs lead business model innovation during the process of internationalization. Building on eight cases of Japanese manufacturing SMEs, we develop a theoretical framework pointing to two different patterns in the articulation between CEO leadership style and business model innovation. We show that small-scale business model innovation led by directive leadership results in a timelier foreign market entry. However, in order to increase international sales, large-scale business model innovation is required. This is facilitated by an empowering leadership style of the CEO.     

The effect of the board and executive committee characteristics on the degree of internationalization

Many corporate governance observers agree that when firms encounter dramatically changed competitive environments, the board of directors may become involved in the strategy formation process. Based on Finkelstein and Hambrick’s (Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D., 1996. Strategic leadership: top executives and their effects on organizations. West, Minneapolis, MN.) conceptual model, we examine the effects of the board of directors and executive committee characteristics on the degree of internationalization of the U.S. telecommunications industry during the 12 years after AT&T’s 1984 divestiture. We also examine the effects of the regulatory environment and core business growth on the degree on internationalization during this time. We find support linking executive committee characteristics and regulatory environment to the degree of internationalization. Characteristics of the entire board are consistently found to be insignificant.     

人民币国际化的现状与途径选择

随着中国经济的迅速发展,研究人民币国际化的现状和前景,有助于人民币国际化的顺利进行。人民币国际化要满足诸多条件,且风险与收益并存。各国货币国际化途径的经验与教训是值我们借鉴的,只有采取务实、循序渐进的态度,努力创造有利条件,才能尽快成功的实现人民币的国际化。     

论会计国际化与国家化趋势

在国际经济交往不断发展的今天 ,会计国际化趋势越来越明显。本文就如何协调会计国际化与国家化的辩证关系 ,开创会计发展的新局面 ,促进会计工作更好地为社会主义市场经济建设服务进行了讨论。     

WTO：市场国际化与国际调节发展新阶段——兼论入世对中国国家调节和经济法的影响

市场国际化的同时产生国际调节.国际调节是国际市场的一种重要调节机制,它同市场调节、各国的国家调节互相配合和制约,共同调节国际社会经济的结构和运行.WTO是当前最重要的国际调节主体,有许多新特点.它标志着市场国际化与国际调节进入新阶段.以WTO为代表的国际调节对中国国家调节和经济立法的影响是全面而深刻的,要求许多传统思想观念发生转变,有关的立法原则和和法律制度需要调整和修订.