Exploring a New Direction for Social Work Education and Training in Nigeria

American and British models of professional social work that have been exported to Africa have been critiqued as unable to address the unique issues and cultural characteristics of the majority of Africans. Such critiques have increased as the social work profession in the Western world has failed to come up with answers to many of its own most vexing social problems. African social work educators are therefore questioning the borrowing of such ‘problematic’ Western social work knowledge. This paper critically reviews the challenges for social work education and training in Nigeria of this Western‐influenced social work legacy that is largely remedial in nature and underpinned by the charity and casework model that locates problems within individuals and their families. Building on recent scholarship, personal experiences of schooling and working in Africa and the West, as well as experiences from collaborating on a project with colleagues in a social work program in a Nigerian university, three issues are put forth that could guide an exploration of a new direction for social work education in Nigeria.     

企业国际化的影响因素：一个文献述评

在全球经济一体化背景下,越来越多的企业从封闭环境走向开放市场,相关理论与实证研究也层出不穷。特别在过去十年间,企业国际化已经成为关注的焦点。其中,企业国际化阶段论和国际新冒险企业理论最具代表性。对此,文章梳理了企业国际化影响因素研究的进展,并从六个视角来观察现有文献对企业国际化影响因素的研究,即：外部商业环境与国际化时机,企业家对国际商机的认识,国际化开始时的资源要求,心理距离与国际化步骤,国际化企业的竞争战略以及国际化时间与企业绩效。     

Is evaluation obsolete in a post-truth world?

The contemporary post-truth phenomenon is characterised by denial of facts and tolerance of politicians’ lies. It has enhanced the appeal of authoritarian and nationalist leaders as a populist reaction to policy failures. While emerging market countries hugely benefited from globalization, the hourly wages of working people in high-income countries have stagnated while inequality has surged, and environmental stresses have escalated. Post-truth dispositions are distorting decision making in the public sphere and they have increased public distrust of knowledge professionals. This is likely to aggravate the very problems that gave rise to the post-truth phenomenon. Evaluation can help reverse the trends that underlie voters’ anxieties, amplification of tribal prejudices and appeals to national pride through sound advice, transparency and public education. This will require new evaluation policy directions. Evaluation internationalization, diversification, democratization and professionalization will have to take place simultaneously.     

马克思主义中国化时代化大众化的两个关键问题

马克思主义作为意识形态长期以来保持政策理论特色,缺乏学术范式上的国际化和学术语境上的民间化形态,因而既不能与世界学术文化对话交流,走向国际化;也不能深入中国民间大众为老百姓喜闻乐见,走向民间化。因此,学术范式国际化和学术语境民间化是马克思主义中国化、时代化、大众化的两个关键问题。     

Internationalization and performance: The moderating effects of organizational learning

By proposing a conceptual outline for a general model that explains the internationalization–performance link, we test the moderating effects of organizational learning on the relationship between internationalization and performance empirically. Integrating two distinct literature streams from the organizational learning perspective and the resource-based view, we present an integrated, multidimensional framework for analyzing multinational enterprises’ (MNEs’) resources, internationalization, and organizational learning, as well as their associated impact on firm performance. Specifically, using a sample of 110 American MNEs, we find that while certain MNE resources motivate and precede internationalization, social and market learning (whereas technological learning does not) moderates the relationship between internationalization and performance. These findings extend prior research by establishing the importance of the relationships among MNE resources, internationalization, organizational learning, and firm performance.     

中国资本市场国际化趋势及路径选择

在金融业全面开放的格局下,资本市场面对金融全球化的挑战和压力,同时也存在参与国际竞争和资本市场国际化的巨大发展机遇。面对金融全面开放的“双刃剑”,中国资本市场应积极应对国际化发展的趋势,逐步放松资本项目管制,创新资本市场体系,注重市场基础建设,强化国际资本流入的可控性与金融监管,加速国内资本市场与国际资本市场的对接。     

美国离岸金融及其对人民币国际化的启示

美元真正取代英镑成为国际储备货币,这主要取决于美元的稳定性、美国的经济实力和金融市场发展的成熟。而美元离岸市场的发展,更促进了美元作为一种主导型的国际储备货币,在国际贸易和金融交易中发挥主导作用。人民币要成为一种国际性货币,中国就必须要有一个开放性的、发展很广很深的、流动性很好的金融市场,这样才能保证人民币成为一种国际性货币。人民币国际化,主要是交易结算发展的过程,其次是人民币境外市场发展的过程。现在最主要的还是增加跨境人民币的流动性,对人民币从境外流向境内的控制可以谨慎一点;但境内人民币流向境外对境内的冲击要小,所以可以放得更宽一点。在这种情况下,最好的模式就是通过自贸区来发展,把一些管制的措施放得更快、更广。     

华为与思科国际化路径比较分析

文章应用价值链理论对华为与思科的国际化发展路径进行了分析,发现两家企业的价值链演进存在较大差异。华为主要以低成本战略和市场差异化战略打开国际市场,再逐步向创新差异化战略转移,使其从价值链的低谷走向两端,从下游逐渐向上游演进;而思科则从创新差异化战略到市场差异化战略完成从价值链上游向价值链下游逐步演进的过程。两种国际化路径对中国企业的跨国经营都具有参考和借鉴作用,企业需要根据自身状况选择适合自己的国际化路径。     

Top Management Team Internationalization and Firm-level Internationalization: The Moderating Effects of Home-region Institutional Diversity and Firm Global Focus

The factors that determine firms' levels of internationalization remain a focal area of international business research. Within this research stream, studies building on the upper echelons theory have investigated the influence of the demographic characteristics of the top management team (TMT) on firms' international expansion. However, the literature to date has overlooked the TMT's overall degree of internationalization as a key driver of firm-level internationalization. In our paper, we argue that by having self-selected into careers abroad, foreign TMT members by definition have a higher cognitive tolerance of foreignness than domestic TMT members do. We theorize that foreign TMT members' higher cognitive tolerance for foreignness enhances the overall TMT's level of international attention and international trust, thereby facilitating strategic decisions that favor firm-level internationalization. Additionally, we propose two key contingencies that attenuate this relationship: the institutional diversity of the firm's home region and the firm's global focus. Analysis of Fortune Global 500 firms supports the hypothesized relationship between TMT internationalization and firm-level internationalization, as well as the two moderation effects.     

让人民币飞起来

人民币国际化已经基本满足了一些必须具备的客观条件,人民币国际化能够给本币国带来多项有利因素,如提高本国货币政策的独立性,提升发行国在国际金融体系中的话语权,推动建设国际金融中心等。我们必须抓住当前人民币国际化的有利时机,大力发展跨境贸易结算、离岸市场融资,开放在岸金融市场,创造人民币回流机制,提前争取让人民币能够在国际储备货币当中占上一个席位,真正实现让人民币在全球“飞”起来。