文献研究中语言学方法的限度

学术研究中,语言学方法常常用于文献的断代研究,但是,这一方法是具有一定限度的。若干失误往往表现在方法论的预设,凡是某一时代文献没有记载的语汇就不属于该时代;且在语汇的时间层次、语言使用的差异性、语法的时间层次上皆有一定的盲区。认识这一现象,有助于我们在使用上述方法进行学术研究时确定其存在的限度。     

Girlz II women: Age‐grading,language change and stylistic variation

Informed by abstract models of language change or stability over time, we present a longitudinal study of two African American females, first interviewed as teenagers, and re‐recorded twenty years later. As teenagers, they used morpho‐syntactic features of AAVE voraciously. But as working adults, these women distance themselves from their teenage activities and social networks, and display a considerably reduced vernacular usage that accords with their articulated concern to get ahead. The diachronic interpretation that best characterizes their transformation is age‐grading rather than generational change, since change at the individual level is accompanied by stability at the community level. The picture is complicated by intermediate recordings showing that one of the speakers is a stylistic chameleon, capable since her teenage years of varying copula absence rates depending on addressee, topic, and projected persona. But the age‐grading interpretation of change at the individual level remains valid based on the evidence of her reduced use of habitual be2, and third singular present tense –s absence. The case highlights the importance of paying more attention to stylistic variation and including more than two time points in sociolinguistic studies of change in real and apparent time.     

“The Compass of Our Life”: A Qualitative Study of Marriage and Faith Among Chinese Immigrants

Twenty highly religious Chinese Christian married couples (n = 40) were interviewed to examine how religious faith influenced their perceptions of marriage and family life. Most participants held advanced graduate degrees (14 PhD and 13 MS degrees). Their ages ranged from 28 to 66, and the number of children ranged from one to four. Grounded theory methods (including open coding and axial coding) were applied to analyze the data. Based on the interview data three emergent themes were identified: (1) Moving from atheism to theism (“God is love”), (2) changing perceptions of marriage (“Marriage is established by God”), and (3) a new priority (“Put God first”). Supporting qualitative data are presented in connection with each theme. Implications for research and practice related to Chinese immigrants’ marriage and family in the United States are discussed.     

Fast and Stable Algorithms for Computing and Sampling From the Noncentral Hypergeometric Distribution

Although the noncentral hypergeometric distribution underlies conditional inference for 2 × 2 tables, major statistical packages lack support for this distribution. This article introduces fast and stable algorithms for computing the noncentral hypergeometric distribution and for sampling from it. The algorithms avoid the expensive and explosive combinatorial numbers by using a recursive relation. The algorithms also take advantage of the sharp concentration of the distribution around its mode to save computing time. A modified inverse method substantially reduces the number of searches in generating a random deviate. The algorithms are implemented in a Java class, Hypergeometric, available on the World Wide Web.     

Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer in Comparative Welfare State Research

For many years, comparative welfare state research has followed a ‘methodological nationalism’ in the sense that countries were treated as independent units. Yet the recent ‘spatial turn’ in comparative politics has also influenced welfare state research. For some years now, the field has been witnessing a growing interest in questions about interdependencies and policy diffusion between countries. In this article, we provide a structured overview of the state of the art in the policy diffusion and transfer literature that deals specifically with social policy. We present and critically evaluate existing theoretical concepts and quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches that enable the analysis of interdependencies between countries. Moreover, we summarize the empirical findings of quantitative and qualitative studies on the diffusion and transfer of social policy, from some pioneering studies to the latest findings. Against this background we point out what we believe to be promising avenues for future research. We focus on five areas: theoretical work on the mechanisms underlying diffusion and transfer; methodological approaches; the impact of domestic institutions and policy characteristics on social policy diffusion and transfer; programme‐specific dynamics; and the systematic combination of horizontal and vertical interdependencies.     

南京政府时期中医师开业管理办法初论

从 193 6年 1月《中医条例》颁布到 1947年 8月《修正医师法草案》公布 ,十余年间 ,南京政府有关行政管理部门在先后出台的一系列有关中医的政策与法规中 ,陆续制定了一些中医师开业管理办法 ,形成“申请中医师证书———请求注册 ,领取开业执照———加入所在地区医师公会———开业”开业模式。这一模式符合现代管理趋势 ,有一定的借鉴意义     

投资方案内部收益率的分析

本文严格地证明了投资方案的内部收益率(IRR)与借款利率的关系,全部资金与自有资金的内部收益率的关系,以及不同的借款偿还方式对自有奖金内部收益率的影响。     

试论心理学研究困境

从心理学百余年的发展历程中 ,分析了心理学研究中存在的主要困境和弊端 ,认为心理学研究对象的复杂性、研究范围的宽泛性、研究方法的单一性和制度化以及理论建构的滞后性 ,是造成今日之心理学危机重重的主要原因     

应用法学教学方法改革初论

以素质教育思想为指导 ,吸收借鉴主体性教学的理论观点 ,改革应用法学教学方法是一项关系着面向 2 1世纪整个法学教育质量与效益的基础性工作。为此 ,应用法学的研究以及教学对象应当确立为现实法律实践活动 ;应用法学具有现实性、制度性、应用性、体系性 ;应用法学教学方法改革应当在进一步适应其学科特点的基础上优化选择、综合运用。文章对案例教学法、角色参与法、启发式教学法、图示教学法、模拟法庭、读书指导法、课堂讨论法等改革的具体侧重点进行了论述     

现金流量表编制方法改进设想

根据《企业会计准则 -现金流量表》的要求 ,企业在编制现金流量表时应采用直接法报告经营活动现金流量 ,传统的直接法有工作底稿法和 T形帐户法 ,在这两种方法的操作中都要面对费脑筋的“调整分录”和“分析填列”,难度高、工作量大、自动化程度低 ,缺乏普及和实用性 ,而代码日记法则能克服这些缺陷 ,体现了简便易行的特点