Advocacy for disabled children and young people: benefits and dilemmas

Recent policy has emphasized the need for advocacy services for children and young people, developments that have gone hand‐in‐hand with greater levels of participation of young people in decision‐making. Advocacy for disabled young people is especially important, as they are a particular vulnerable group and have, traditionally, been even more excluded from decisions about matters affecting their lives. This paper reports the findings, as they relate to disabled young people, from a study that investigated the role of advocacy for looked‐after children and children in need. The paper highlights some of the benefits of advocacy for disabled children, the dilemmas facing advocates between advocating and acting in someone's ‘best interests’, identifying the client and the boundaries between advocacy and social work. It argues that time given to establish a close relationship with a disabled child or young person is crucial if advocacy is to be effective and participation in decisions affecting their lives a reality.     

Stochastic dominance in multicriterion analysis under risk

Traditionally, in the literature on the modelling of decision aids one notes the propensity to treat expected utility models and outranking relation models as rivals. It may be possible, however, to benefit from the use of both approaches in a risky decision context. Stochastic dominance conditions can be used to establish, for each criterion, the preferences of a decision maker and to characterise them by a concave or convex utility function.Two levels of complexity in preference elicitation, designated as clear and unclear, are distinguished. Only in the case of unclear preferences is it potentially interesting to attempt to estimate the value function of the decision maker, thus obtaining his (her) preferences with a reduced number of questions. The number of questions that must be asked of the decision maker depends upon the level of the concordance threshold that he(she) requires in the construction of the outranking relations using the ELECTRE method.     

论翻译文学批评———特殊性、批评标准与批评方法

翻译文学批评对于翻译文学来说,非常必要,但做起来非常困难。它与一般的文学批评有共通性,更有特殊性。它是跨越不同语言的文学批评,必须建立在语言学批评的基础上。一般的文学批评可以“得意而忘言”,翻译文学批评却应该是“言意兼顾”,应该将语言学批评与关学批评结合起来;细节批评与总体批评结合起来;特殊的批评角度与全面公正的评价结合起来。为此,翻译文学批评应该有一定的标准。对我国翻译文学而言,“信达雅”是基本标准,“神似”、“化境”可以作为最高标准。在批评方式方法上,对同一原作的不同译本的比较批评,即译本比较批评,在翻译文学批评中是一种重要的、行之有效的批评方式。     

术后胃瘫患者早期肠内营养支持治疗的护理方法及效果

目的：探讨肠内营养支持治疗腹部术后胃瘫的护理方法及效果。方法经确诊的11例腹部手术后胃瘫患者均放置鼻胃肠营养管,行肠内营养（ EN）治疗,观察患者的适应情况、肛门排气;前白蛋白及淋巴细胞计数等营养状况的变化,做好肠内营养的护理。结果本组病例淋巴细胞计数和前白蛋白术后较术前有显著改变,显示术后早期EN可提高营养状况和机体免疫功能;所有患者胃肠功能均恢复,无再次手术,无相关并发症。结论腹部术后胃瘫患者应用肠内营养可以缩短胃瘫的病程,采用鼻胃肠营养管泵入肠内营养的方法符合生理,且经济、安全、方便,又能减少并发症的发生。     

'My Mum and Dad said it Calms You Down': Children's Perceptions of Smoking as a Coping Strategy

While studies have shown that adults use smoking to deal with stress, little research has been carried out with children to explore their perceptions of smoking as a coping strategy. Qualitative questionnaire and interview data were generated with children aged 9–11 years. Participants perceived that adults smoked to relieve boredom and stress, and suggested that children might smoke for the same reasons. Children were more likely to know that adults smoked to deal with stress if they lived in a deprived area. Girls were more likely to believe that some children need to smoke as a coping strategy.     

后现代方法与法学研究范式的转向

作为后现代思潮在学术范式、思维方法上的革命性贡献的后现代方法 ,正在或势必将对法学研究范式转向产生深远的影响 ,同时法学研究范式也应回应这样一种后现代方法论上的转向 ,确保其长久的繁荣。因此 ,必须实现法学研究的解构范式 ,后现代语言学范式以及系谱学分析的后现代转向     

Detecting a changed segment in DNA sequences

Non-coding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can typically be modelled by a sequence of Bernoulli random variables by coding one base, e.g. T, as 1 and other bases as 0. If a segment of a sequence is functionally important, the probability of a 1 will be different in this changed segment from that in the surrounding DNA. It is important to be able to see whether such a segment occurs in a particular DNA sequence and to pin-point it so that a molecular biologist can investigate its possible function. Here we discuss methods for testing the occurrence of such a changed segment and how to estimate the end points of it. Maximum-likelihood-based methods are not very tractable and so a nonparametric method based on the approach of Pettitt has been developed. The problem and its solution are illustrated by a specific DNA example.     

Changes of high school English teaching model under the directions of new English Curriculum Standard（英文）

Communications around the world becomes common with the quickening of China’s reform and open door policies and widening of international communications,thus it is very pressing to modify the model of high school English class for students’concept of English use as a tool.This paper focuses on the change of English class teaching model in high schools under the direction of New English Curriculum Standard and its purposes and effects.     

Detecting homogeneous segments in DNA sequences by using hidden Markov models

In recent years there has been a rapid growth in the amount of DNA being sequenced and in its availability through genetic databases. Statistical techniques which identify structure within these sequences can be of considerable assistance to molecular biologists particularly when they incorporate the discrete nature of changes caused by evolutionary processes. This paper focuses on the detection of homogeneous segments within heterogeneous DNA sequences. In particular, we study an intron from the chimpanzee α-fetoprotein gene; this protein plays an important role in the embryonic development of mammals. We present a Bayesian solution to this segmentation problem using a hidden Markov model implemented by Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We consider the important practical problem of specifying informative prior knowledge about sequences of this type. Two Gibbs sampling algorithms are contrasted and the sensitivity of the analysis to the prior specification is investigated. Model selection and possible ways to overcome the label switching problem are also addressed. Our analysis of intron 7 identifies three distinct homogeneous segment types, two of which occur in more than one region, and one of which is reversible.     

Estimation in an empirical bayes model for longitudinal and cross‐sectionally clustered binary data

Some studies generate data that can be grouped into clusters in more than one way. Consider for instance a smoking prevention study in which responses on smoking status are collected over several years in a cohort of students from a number of different schools. This yields longitudinal data, also cross‐sectionaliy clustered in schools. The authors present a model for analyzing binary data of this type, combining generalized estimating equations and estimation of random effects to address the longitudinal and cross‐sectional dependence, respectively. The estimation procedure for this model is discussed, as are the results of a simulation study used to investigate the properties of its estimates. An illustration using data from a smoking prevention trial is given.