高校困难群体心理状况调查

贫困生作为高校中普遍存在的一个群体,已经成为高校工作的一个重要方面。但实践中存在着片面地注重对贫困生的经济帮助,较少关注其真实的心理境况的问题。研究试图从心理学、社会学、教育学等多角度入手,分析研究高校贫困生的心理状况,从深层次上挖掘内因,比如,大学生群体中,男生和女生谁更在意经济状况？谁更敏感？遇到问题时谁更容易选择极端的方案？来自于城市、郊区和乡村这三类不同生源地的大学生存在哪些差异与特性？经济困难学生有哪些健康的特质或潜在的危机？目前的经济状况会不会影响大学生的人生选择？经济困难的学生愿意选择什么样的资助方式？以期通过将高校的帮困助学和人文关怀以及心理干预相结合的方式．有针对性地帮助他们,使贫困群体渡过经济和心理的多重难关,健康成长。     

Aboriginal Wingadhan Birrang (woman’s journey) of smoking cessation during pregnancy as they participate in the ICAN QUIT in pregnancy pilot step-wedge trial

BackgroundAddressing smoking cessation during pregnancy among Aboriginal women is a national priority under the Closing the Gap campaign. There is a need to measure and report interventions to support Aboriginal women during pregnancy.AimTo quantitatively assess women’s smoking experiences over a 12 week ICAN QUIT in Pregnancy program.MethodsAboriginal women and/or women expecting an Aboriginal baby reported their smoking experiences through repeated cross-sectional survey at baseline, four weeks, and 12 weeks. Self-reported nicotine dependence measures (heaviness of smoking index, strength of urges and frequency of urges to smoke), intentions to quit smoking, quit attempts, use of nicotine replacement therapy were gathered as well as a carbon-monoxide measure at each time point.ResultsExpectant mothers (n = 22) of Aboriginal babies participated from six Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services between November 2016 and July 2017. At 12 weeks women reported (n = 17) low heaviness of smoking index 1.21 with high strength of urges 2.64 and frequency of urges 3.00; 12/13 (92%) reported likely/very likely to quit smoking, made a mean 1.67 number of quit attempts, three women (13.6%) quit smoking (validated); 5/16 (31%) reported using nicotine replacement therapy.DiscussionParticipating women made multiple quit attempts demonstrating motivation to quit smoking. Smoking cessation interventions should be tailored to address high strength and frequency of nicotine dependence despite low consumption.ConclusionProlonged smoking cessation support is recommended to address physical, behavioural and psychological aspect of smoking. Cessation support should address previous quitting experiences to assess smoking dependence and tailoring of support.Trial registrationAustralian and New Zealand Clinicial Trials Registry (Ref #ACTRN12616001603404).     

Do student social background and school context affect implementation of a school-based physical activity program?

This study examined the relationship between student- and school- characteristics and different implementation parameters of “Active All Year Round”, a nationwide Danish school-based physical activity program. The study is based on data from multiple sources: questionnaire data from students from 16 fifth-grade school classes (n = 276) and their teachers (n = 16), in-class observations (n = 15) and register data. Predictors included the student-level characteristics of gender, family affluence, immigration background, and perception of school connectedness as well as the school-level characteristics of school size, school parental education level, school physical activity policy and school’s prioritization of health promotion. Implementation was assessed by creating an implementation score from data on program psychological reach, dose delivered, dose received and fidelity. Data were analyzed by multilevel linear regression analysis. Findings indicated that the program was more easily implemented for students with higher school connectedness. To conclude, school-based health promotion programs can be improved by knowing, before the program is implemented, which factors increase the odds of better implementation.     

Acceptability of an Aboriginal Wellbeing Intervention for Supporters of People Using Methamphetamines

Families and workers often suffer significant stress while supporting people who are experiencing problems related to methamphetamine use yet there is little evidence on how best to help. Small pilot studies can provide valuable information about potential ways to intervene. This paper presents a pilot study of an Aboriginal family wellbeing intervention with workers in an Aboriginal health service. The pilot indicated that participation in the intervention improved the psychosocial empowerment and wellbeing of workers, that these workers perceived the program as relevant to families, and that this was an intervention they felt they could deliver to clients themselves.

IMPLICATIONS

• An Aboriginal family wellbeing intervention was piloted and found to improve the empowerment and wellbeing of workers. Participants regarded it as highly relevant for families supporting people using methamphetamines and other drugs.

• This research has added to our knowledge about how to assist those supporting Aboriginal people using methamphetamines and other drugs.

     

Understanding and Utilizing Parallel Processes of Social Interaction for Attachment-based Parenting Interventions

In an effort to meet both the parenting and treatment needs of substance-abusing women who are parents, residential drug treatment programs have been struggling to find the best approach. A qualitative-quantitative study of the parenting experience of mothers in residential drug treatment programs housing both mothers and their children found that relational processes characterized how these mothers perceived parenting as well as treatment. The findings presented the interplay and mutuality between a mother’s interactions (natural or facilitated) with the external social world that includes her child and those connected to the treatment facility and the internal formation of her sense of herself, her child, and others, along with the changes in both areas that took place in the facility. These findings lend important support to the use of attachment-based parenting interventions in residential drug treatment programs by drawing on these relational processes.

Measuring Potency Among Preschool Children: Instruments and Intervention

This study explored the impact of Potency-Focused Intervention among preschool children using a prospective research design. To achieve this aim, an instrument (the Child Adaptation Measure of Potency, or CAMP) was developed to examine the construct of potency among this population. The psychometric properties of this new CAMP scale was analyzed among 90 preschool children and the scale was proven to be both reliable and valid. Sixty-six children participated in the intervention study itself: thirty-two children participated in an intensive intervention program while the remaining children served as a control group. The results indicate that Potency-Focused intervention significantly enhanced potency among children in the intervention group, though it did not enhance the quality of self-concept. This finding suggests that while potency and self-concept are similar in some respects, they are separate constructs. The implications of Potency-Focused intervention among preschool children are discussed.     

Street Youth: Coping and Interventions

A literature review of research into interventions among street youth is presented along with the results of a qualitative analysis of interviews with 80 street youth on the topic of coping. Themes arising from the qualitative analysis include street youths' negative and positive experiences with social support; and attitudes and beliefs such as self-worth, decreased reactivity to other's opinions, hope for the future, pride in self-reliance, anger/non-conformity, and spirituality. Recommendations of this study include the need for outcome research and programme evaluation, inclusion of sociocultural factors as variables, and accessing the experiences of street youth.     

借贷之间的银企关系与实业发展——以1928-1937年的交通银行为中心

民国时期交通银行被国民政府两次改组后,定位为发展全国实业的银行,其职能和业务愈趋专业化,积极开展铁路交通建设和纺织业放款,对近代中国实业的发展和经济的近代化作出了可圈可点的贡献。但同时,由于被国家资本控制和受国民政府不良行为影响,其业务重心发生偏离,在当时的社会经济大环境下,交通银行难以对实业发展有更大的作为,这不是其自身所能决定和改变的。民国时期交通银行对实业贷款扶助的实绩,揭示了交行与实业间的互动及其与政府方面的利益纠缠,进而反映了这一时段银企关系的复杂与微妙。     

心理社会治疗模式在老年个案中的运用及反思

本个案通过运用心理社会治疗模式和技巧,帮助案主面对现实,消除情绪困扰,适应养老机构环境,康复身体等,并达到了预期的效果。兹为对我国老年社会工作的发展提供参考。     

Naturalistic Observations of Peer Interventions in Bullying

This study examined peer intervention in bullying using naturalistic observations on school playgrounds. The sample comprised 58 children (37 boys and 21 girls) in Grades 1 to 6 who were observed to intervene in bullying. Peers were present during 88% of bullying episodes and intervened in 19%. In 47% of the episodes, peers intervened aggressively. Interventions directed toward the bully were more likely to be aggressive, whereas interventions directed toward the victim or the bully-victim dyad were more likely to be nonaggressive. The majority (57%) of interventions were effective in stopping bullying. Boys were more likely to intervene when the bully and victim were male and girls when the bully and victim were female. The implications for anti-bullying interventions are discussed.