"人道干涉"神话与美国意识形态

近年来“人道于涉”论在西方甚嚣尘上,其实,所谓“人道干涉”并无人道可言,“人道干涉”论只是西方为确立美国霸权下的世界新秩序所做的舆论准备,以此为法理依据的关国新干涉主义对非西方国家的安全和主权造成了极大威胁。美国海外干涉往往具有多重动机,包括国家利益和意识形态,后者除政治意识形态如民主、人权外,还包括民族意识形态即关国的道德优越感和全球使命感。美国意识形态与国家利益和国家实力三者之间的互动关系是理解美国外交政策尤其是美国新干涉主义的关键。     

社区矫正的社会工作介入

我国从2003年起试行在社区中改造罪犯的社区矫正制度。实践过程中作为刑罚执行的价值理念、以司法机构为主而民间力量弱小的运作方式及缺乏对矫正对象问题的系统改善的矫正效果制约了社区矫正的顺利发展。为此,文章梳理了矫治社会工作的工作理念与方法,提出社会工作应从操作层面、机构层面和社会领域介入社区矫正的对策性建议。     

行政助推自治:单元下沉改革中的政府介入与自治生长——基于河镇石寨村的调查与分析

村民自治是国家制度安排下的基层民主实践,其与基层政府之间的联系亦是必然。调整自治单元是近些年基层政府追求自治有效的主要改革举措,但是,仅仅调整单元似乎很难奏效。贵州省河镇在单元下沉改革遭遇村寨单元自治失去活力的困境下开启二次改革,政府全面介入小单元自治运行,引导和协助村寨单元优化自治组织,同时结合村寨单元的治理习惯和治理资源,以行政力量为小单元自治输入其所需要的物质要素、权威要素、程序要素、规则要素、内容要素,推进外注要素的内生性衔接与自治生长。基于自治运转需要的、适度的政府介入构成了自治生长的关键要素。因政府改革而起的自治单元调整与自治生长不可能完全脱嵌于政府行政,政府行政应持续介入自治,使行政力量与自治力量形成良性的助推式互动。行政助推型自治的核心在于政府要精准把握介入的时间节点与度,在服务自治的逻辑下适度介入,培育自治、助推自治,以外部行政注入的自治要素驱动和激活自治,实现自治“由外而内”的植根生长。     

论社会舆情的汇集与干预机制

建立和健全社会舆情汇集与干预机制对于建设和谐社会意义重大。当前我国的社会舆情汇集与干预机制,在和谐社会背景下,亟需重视设置健全的舆情汇集系统,以及健全社会舆情汇集机制,健全信息发布机制等社会舆情干预机制。     

Midwives’ views of an evidence-based intervention to reduce caesarean section rates in Ireland

ProblemA worldwide increase of caesarean section (CS) rates has been estimated at a rate of 4% per year and numerous interventions to reduce the rates have not been successful, perhaps because they are not acceptable to clinicians.BackgroundA caesarean section (CS) can be a life-saving operation, but has been associated with short- and long-term risk factors and shown to affect subsequent pregnancies.AimTo explore midwives’ views on CS rates and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of an evidence-based intervention programme (REDUCE) designed to decrease overall CS rates in Ireland by 7%.MethodsFollowing ethical approval, a qualitative exploratory design was used to seek midwives’ views of the evidence-based intervention. A total of 28 midwives from one large tertiary maternity hospital took part in four focus group interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsFive themes emerged, illustrating the midwives’ views of what could be improved in the present system and how CS rates could be reduced in future. The themes included: (i) Induction of labour; (ii) Education; (iii) Auditing of practice; (iv) Clinical practice; (v) Midwife-Obstetrician collaboration.DiscussionThis study noted a rising CS rate year on year, with a rate of 37% at the time of the study, and the midwives voiced their very real concerns over the increased high rates.ConclusionThe study provided support for the evidence based ‘REDUCE’ intervention, which now needs to be tested empirically within this Irish population.