语用学维度:人工智能框架问题与自然语言理解

语用学的基本理论有助于从语言的本质在于使用的角度来理解智能,为人工智能的框架问题提供哲学的视域和分析方法。现代人工智能的符号逻辑研究框架在哲学意义上具有脱离经验的根本局限性,联结论研究框架实质上与此相同。人工智能的框架问题研究需要奠基于"自然机制"为内核、"算法机制"为辅的哲学纲领。现代自然语言理解的句法和语义研究是脱离使用者与语境知识而处于指称层次的片面理解,而只有基于语用学层次的理解才是完整的。     

Identification of Protective Actions to Reduce the Vulnerability of Safety-Critical Systems to Malevolent Intentional Acts: An Optimization-Based Decision-Making Approach

An empirical classification model based on the Majority Rule Sorting (MR-Sort) method has been previously proposed by the authors to evaluate the vulnerability of safety-critical systems (in particular, nuclear power plants [NPPs]) with respect to malevolent intentional acts. In this article, the model serves as the basis for an analysis aimed at determining a set of protective actions to be taken (e.g., increasing the number of monitoring devices, reducing the number of accesses to the safety-critical system) in order to effectively reduce the level of vulnerability of the safety-critical systems under consideration. In particular, the problem is here tackled within an optimization framework: the set of protective actions to implement is chosen as the one minimizing the overall level of vulnerability of a group of safety-critical systems. In this context, three different optimization approaches have been explored: (i) one single classification model is built to evaluate and minimize system vulnerability; (ii) an ensemble of compatible classification models, generated by the bootstrap method, is employed to perform a “robust” optimization, taking as reference the “worst-case” scenario over the group of models; (iii) finally, a distribution of classification models, still obtained by bootstrap, is considered to address vulnerability reduction in a “probabilistic” fashion (i.e., by minimizing the “expected” vulnerability of a fleet of systems). The results are presented and compared with reference to a fictitious example considering NPPs as the safety-critical systems of interest.     

Individual and organizational strategies for coping with organizational change

During times of significant change to organizations in strategies and structures, employees can experience high levels of stress as their jobs, areas of responsibility and roles also change. Yet research is curiously silent about how people react to organizational change, especially towards promoting healthy responses to change. As a first step to outlining areas for future research this paper considers a range of individual and organizational strategies that may be effective in reducing employee stress and related problems. Prior to the implementation of these strategies, however, organizations must empower employees to adopt the role of change agent and encourage them to take action to solve the problems that stress them. At the individual level, employees can respond to the stress created by organizational change by using problem- and emotion-focused strategies. Also important in coping with change are the personal resources of employees, including a sense of hardiness, beliefs about having control over their work environment, and the availability of social supports within and outside the organization. Although few organizations fully acknowledge their role in helping employees cope with change, there are a number of initiatives that organizations can pursue. Several strategies are discussed in relation to communication, leadership, job-related tasks and stress management programmes.     

Getting grey hairs in the labour market. An alternative experiment on age discrimination

This study presents a new field experimental approach for measuring age discrimination in hiring. In addition to the classical approach in which candidates’ ages are randomly assigned within pairs of fictitious résumés that are sent to real vacancies, we randomly assign between these pairs the activities undertaken by the older candidates during their additional post-educational years. When applying this design to the case of Belgium, we find that age discrimination depends fundamentally on the older candidates’ career patterns. Older age only robustly affects call-back if the older candidate was employed in an out-of-field job during his or her extra post-educational years.     

论喜剧小品《不差钱》中的人性与同情

从喜剧性的类型看,小品《不差钱》属于康德、黑格尔以来的一些文艺理论认识到并标举出的＂辩证的肯定性喜剧＂。这类喜剧与莫里哀《达尔杜弗》、果戈理《钦差大臣》一类＂彻底的否定性喜剧＂有很大区别,其价值不仅在于提供娱乐,也在于传达人性内容。按照历史唯物主义观点,其人性内容是＂人的一般本性＂的胜利,即＂每个人的全面而自由的发展＂、＂都有必要的社会活动场所来显露他的重要的生命力＂,而＂每个时代历史地发生了变化的人的本性＂中的＂异化＂成分则突然转化为虚无,因此引发人们的笑声。     

结构性社会问题传播中的五大误区

由于某些制度性、政策性的因素或社会发展中的不可逾越的阶段影响所致,我国不可避免存在着结构性社会问题,本文认为,它们具有全面性、长期性、潜伏性和艰巨性等特点。在全面考察近年新闻传播的基础上,本文指出,在传播结构性社会问题中,媒体出现了结构性失衡、舆论监督力度不足、低俗化、模式化等问题,需要引起有关各方的高度重视。     

On approximations to the inverse student’s-t distribution function

The inverse of the Student's t-distribution is often needed in computer simulation and applied statistics, e.g, in generating random variates from t-distributions and in computing tables needed for statistical procedures which do not assume known variances. The t-distribution algorithm of Dudewicz and Dalal (1972) can be used to approximate the inverset t distribution function. The author notes an algorithm for evaluation of this inverse d.f. which can be implemented in a fast, accurate and short computer program. The error analysis is also reported. An application is considered for the problem of testing the hypothesis that a sequence of random variates follows Student's-t distribution.     

关于COOK算例的数值解

COOK算例没有理论解,文献中常用的参考解与大量优秀单元的计算解有较明显差别,影响了对单元性能的客观公正评价。为获得更准确、更可靠的计算解,分别用4-40次高次元和Q8、T6、QM6低次元进行逼近,考察算例的有限元渐进收敛解。结果表明,在5位有效数字下该问题的解为vC=23.967,σAmax=0.23687,σBmax=-0.20352。     

实务模式与教学法整合的社会工作教育策略——以问题解决模式与问题式学习教学法为例

我国大陆社会工作专业教育既面临着本土化的挑战，又面临着教学方法转型的挑战。以问题解决模式与问题式学习教学法为例证，分析它们的构成要素与实施过程，发掘两者的整合具有兼容性与互构性，能够为应对挑战提供可行途径。为了有效地应对挑战，需要采取卖务与教学整合型教育策略，加强主体互构，促进方法兼容，推动机制建设，实现社会工作专业教育发展。