林登·约翰逊与越南战争的"美国化"

林登.约翰逊虽然没有把越南问题看作是美国外交的中心,但是,由于他断然拒绝了越南“中立化”的建议,先后批准了“34A行动计划”和“横滚”作战计划,实施“雷鸣行动”,命令美国海军陆战队在越南登陆,从而将战火一步步烧到越南北方,使越南战争日益成为一场“美国人的战争”。而他本人,由于美国日益陷入越南战争的泥沼,被迫声明不再竞选连任,付出了惨重的政治代价。     

Black Ethnographic Activists: Exploring Robert Park,Scientific Racism,The Chicago School,and FBI Files Through the Black Sociological Experience of Charles S. Johnson and E. Franklin Frazier

Charles S. Johnson and E. Franklin Frazier were successful Black sociologists from the 1920s to 1960s, working in an age of scientific racism and eugenics, who battled racial oppression, racist discrimination, and surveillance under the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Both struggled within and against the assimilationist paradigm, yet their ethnographic and critical insights speak out today with continuing relevance in the fight against practical and institutional racial injustice. This study selectively examines Johnson and Frazier's academic careers as forgotten ethnographer activists who have been largely excluded from the dominant narrative of the Chicago School of Sociology. This article argues Robert Park offered opportunities to these Black scholars although the white university system exclusively directed their work towards race studies. Furthermore, the white discipline of sociology failed to recognize Johnson and Frazier's critical ethnographic studies as part of interactionism.