A Less Gendered Access to Land? The Impact of Tanzania's New Wave of Land Reform

Contemporary land reforms in sub‐Saharan Africa tend to be evaluated based on the state‐centric reforms of the past, which disadvantaged women. However, this article argues that the new‐wave of land reforms and their decentralised administration institutions and anti‐discriminatory legal frameworks may be different. Based on field research on the implementation of Tanzania's 1999 Land Acts, it identifies an institutional reconfiguration in which the formal institutions are gradually strengthened and the customary institutions slowly changed. This does not in itself pose a threat to women's access to land and some women, who are otherwise often perceived to be weak, are left better‐off. Nevertheless, access to land becomes socially more uneven.     

“父国”大地:“黑眼睛”和“蓝眼睛”的交会——赛珍珠中国作品“土地情结”的艺术展示

对于赛珍珠中国题材的小说创作而言,"土地情结"的艺术展示因为表现者的"异国"身份而有了超乎"个案"的"东方文化发现"或"中西文化交流"的引领性价值。当作家触摸这个古老的文化命题时,已经连带着对不同民族的土地恋情进行了联系性思考,催发为创作,即展示了中国题材小说具有的世界性品质,不能不说是一种文学突破或文化突破。人的"土地情结"在根生于"地方性"的粗鄙之后,复枝蔓出具有"世界性"的富丽,与作家在创作中一以贯之的多元文化和谐理念彼此印证。     

东莫村里的理想国

韩国电影《欢迎来到东莫村》从不同角度、运用对比手法描绘了一个理想国。本文对这些角度和方法进行分析,并指出《欢迎来到东莫村》对陶渊明《桃花源记》的传承性。     

Supply Performance in Multi‐Echelon Inventory Systems with Intermediate Product Demand: A Perspective on Allocation

In this article, we study the performance of multi‐echelon inventory systems with intermediate, external product demand in one or more upper echelons. This type of problem is of general interest in inventory theory and of particular importance in supply chain systems with both end‐product demand and spare parts (subassemblies) demand. The multi‐echelon inventory system considered here is a combination of assembly and serial stages with direct demand from more than one node. The aspect of multiple sources of demands leads to interesting inventory allocation problems. The demand and capacity at each node are considered stochastic in nature. A fixed supply and manufacturing lead time is used between the stages. We develop mathematical models for these multi‐echelon systems, which describe the inventory dynamics and allow simulation of the system. A simulation‐based inventory optimization approach is developed to search for the best base‐stock levels for these systems. The gradient estimation technique of perturbation analysis is used to derive sample‐path estimators. We consider four allocation schemes: lexicographic with priority to intermediate demand, lexiographic with priority to downstream demand, predetermined proportional allocation, and proportional allocation. Based on the numerical results we find that no single allocation policy is appropriate under all conditions. Depending on the combinations of variability and utilization we identify conditions under which use of certain allocation polices across the supply chain result in lower costs. Further, we determine how selection of an inappropriate allocation policy in the presence of scarce on‐hand inventory could result in downstream nodes facing acute shortages. Consequently we provide insight on why good allocation policies work well under differing sets of operating conditions.     

当代中西"自然美学"的会通--以当代"大地艺术"为桥梁

当代"大地艺术"可以被视为沟通中西"自然美学"的会通.这是由于,大地艺术反对艺术与自然的对峙关系,要求艺术活动真正走向广袤的"天地之际",也就是回到"天地有大美"的自然那里;其次,大地艺术重新思考了天、地、人的三位一体的关系,人在其中决不是"顶天立地"的,而是"与天地参"的,顺应自然规律的;再次,在大地艺术里,就连自然本身亦是"无中心"的,这同中国传统美学的"游观"相当接近;第四,大地艺术强调要尽量保存自然的原生态,反对未经深思熟虑的人为重建"第二自然",亦即要"原天地之美";第五,从艺术手法上看,大地艺术要采取"极度写实主义"这种"无法之法".     

城中村土地制度问题本质及其治理路径

土地制度问题是城中村现象存在的本质性问题。按照现行法律规定,国家对集体土地既可以全部征收,也可以部分征收,这是城中村产生的重要制度原因,有必要通过法律制度予以控制。城中村改造是马克思关于土地集体所有制到国家所有制过渡的标准形式,关键问题是集体土地征收。城中村改造过程中的集体土地征收情况不尽相同,土地征收过程有其内在的规定性要求。解决城中村问题的根本出路是对集体土地实行国有化,集体土地国有化是一个渐进的过程。     

中国省际建设用地单要素效率评价与区域差异研究

以单要素效率理论作基础,用1999-2008年全国分省数据,测度不同省份建设用地单要素效率,且对单要素效率的空间变化进行分析.结果表明2008年全国各省建设用地单要素效率平均值是0.5009,总体水平不高;从东部至西部,建设用地单要素效率递减;1999-2008年间东中西三大地区建设用地单要素效率均处在上升态势,上升幅度分别是:0.0405、0.0298和0.0253.研究认为1999 -2008年我国建设用地供给调控政策无论在东部还是中西部皆取得一定绩效,但东部地区调控效果显著好于中西部;应以建设用地单要素效率作依据,结合不同地区资源禀赋状况、经济发展阶段和区域功能定位实施差别化的建设用地调控政策.     

现阶段农村养老保险制度能有效提高农民土地流转意愿吗?———来自江苏沭阳县30镇49村的初步证据

基于江苏省沭阳县的调查数据,对农民参加养老保险情况与其土地流转意愿之间的关系进行了实证分析并得出结论:现阶段参加新型农村社会养老保险或商业养老保险的农民比没有参加的农民土地流转意愿更高. Logistic计量检验显示,农民是否参加养老保险与土地流转意愿呈显著正相关关系.拐点分析进一步表明,若农民没有任何养老保险,人均年收入需要达到10万元才能突破土地流转意愿的质变点,对于现阶段普遍只参加新农保的农民,土地流转意愿离质变点仍然有一定差距,而既参加新农保又参加商业养老保险的农民,人均年均收入仅需1600元以上就能达到较高的土地流转意愿水平.     

从吸纳到求援：资源变迁背景下的村庄政治

通过对征地前后村庄政治的考察,发现随着村级组织掌握资源形态发生变化,村庄政治运作实现从吸纳向求援的转型。征地之前,村级组织掌握集体经济,通过多种手段吸纳村庄内部各种力量尤其是反对派从而实现村庄政治格局的动态平衡,村庄权力结构呈现体制内精英—中间派—反对派三元均衡的样态。征地之后,集体经济消失,村级治权弱化,为实现权力和利益空间的稳定,村级组织开始向基层政府和村庄外出精英求援,村庄其他势力的话语空间减缩,村庄权力结构逐渐呈现一元独大的形态。而在一元权力格局之下,村级组织逐渐悬浮,村庄治理陷入困境。     

共同的精神家园——《桃花源记》的象征意义

陶渊明的《桃花源记》一经产生,就在中国古代知识分子中产生了强烈的共鸣,它的影响一直持续到现在。中国古代知识分子缺乏完全意义上的宗教意识,其思想一直徘徊于儒、释、道之间。寻求共同的精神家园,使心灵得以憩息,是他们的强烈愿望,桃花源无疑是理想的伊甸园。无论从心理趋向还是从审美价值取向上,桃花源都是不二选择,它为士人精神逃避、回归自然、安慰受伤的心灵提供了优良的避风港。