以古为是：钱大昕与“古学”群体的形成、实践及理念

惠栋汉学的核心价值是"以古为是",其与相关的信仰和技术系统,共同构成了乾嘉考据学最初的"范式"。这一"范式"对钱大昕、王鸣盛等人的影响至深至远,使之得以迅速地进入到考据学的天地之中。不过,"古学"依旧是当时最主要的称名,并产生了广义和狭义的分化,其中狭义的"古学"即专指汉学而言。而乾隆十九年(1754)的进士考试,不但促成了王鸣盛、钱大昕、纪昀等考据学者的聚集,还推动了"古学"群体的形成。众人随即展开了诸多的学术实践,并共同承担起《五礼通考》的编撰任务。这一系列的事件,意味着考据学即将由边缘走向中央,并逐步取代理学,而成为主流的学术形态。     

汉语国际教育中的安徽文化传播 ——以安徽某大学为例

汉语国际教育是传播安徽文化的重要舞台.在汉语国际教育中要树立对外汉语教师地域性教学意识和地方文化意识,充分发挥对外汉语教学中安徽文化各传播途径的作用,结合语言教学多角度展示安徽文化,加强留学生体验安徽优秀传统文化的实践.     

任务型语言教学在实施过程中面临的困境和误区

近年来随着《英语课程标准》的实施,任务型语言教学被广泛接受.但是任何一种教学途径都不是完美无缺的.任务型教学作为一种教学途径在理论研究和实践层面上都存在一些不足,尤其是在我国这样一个把英语作为外语的环境下,实施任务型教学困难和误区就更为突出.因此,很有必要对任务型教学的本土化进行研究和探讨,以适应中国的教学实际.     

18世纪朝鲜北学思想探源

18世纪朝鲜北学思想堪称朝鲜走向近代社会的前奏.它主要是在部分朝鲜入华燕行使臣深切感受到清初中国政治稳定、人民生活繁盛、文化事业发达的过程中逐渐形成的,更准确地说是在使臣为解决其传统华夷观与现实所产生的矛盾中,在其"攘清夷"观逐渐被打破的过程中形成的.虽然它率先提出打破"华夷之辨"的口号,但根本上还是对中国传统儒家文化认同的一种回归.     

论中国当代语言规划的方法

文章提出了语言规划及中国当代语言规划的定义及类型,并在此基础上提出了中国当代语言规划的方法:地位规划的方法--行政方法,自上而下;本体规划的方法--学术方法,自下而上;传播规划的方法--多种方法,上下结合.     

从比较中看应用语言学

通过对《牛津应用语言学手册》和《应用语言学手册》的比较分析,我们对应用语言学的定义和研究领域有了一个更为深刻的认识.尽管目前仍没有一个统一的应用语言学定义,但该领域绝大多数学者都认同,应用语言学是一门解决人类在现实生活中遇到的各种语言问题的学科.     

The educational attainment of second-generation mainland Chinese immigrants in Taiwan

The social status and well-being of political immigrants’ children are seldom touched upon in literature. This paper focuses on the impact of refugee experience on the relative educational attainment of second-generation immigrants in Taiwan. In contrast with the results in van Ours and Veenman (J Popul Econ 16(4):739–753, 2003) and Riphahn (J Popul Econ 16(4):711–737, 2003) who showed that second-generation immigrants lag behind their native counterparts, this paper’s principle finding is that the father’s immigration status can help his children achieve a higher educational qualification than native Taiwanese after controlling the relevant determinants of educational attainment, including parental background and the neighborhood where the interviewee grows up. In addition, women born in the earlier cohort benefit more by their fathers’ immigration status than their male counterparts do. However, Taiwanese schooling advances across generations are impressive, whereby the gap in schooling attainment between second-generation immigrants and native Taiwanese is found to decline over time.

东亚三国近代文化选择与成因考述

对东西文化关系问题上的不同立场而形成的近代东亚文化选择模式,在中国表现为“中体西用”;在朝鲜与日本分别表现为“东道西器”和“和魂洋才”。东亚三国近代文化虽说在形式上存在着诸多相似之处,但因三国社会历史条件等诸多因素上的差异,使三国近代文化在对传统的反思及西学分量等内容上呈现出很多不同的特点。     

A Learning Curve Analysis of Expert System Use*

In this article, we study how an expert system affects novice problem solving in a financial risk analysis domain. We demonstrate that novice performance is improved after exposure to an expert system. Further, we show that novice performance continues to improve when the system is withdrawn. By comparing learning curves for people with exposure to those without, we can assess how much the system has benefitted its users. We demonstrate a quantitative methodology to measure the increment of learning due to the use of an information technology. We also explore the issue of how expertise is transferred from the system to the user.     

Integrating Neural Networks and Semi-Markov Processes for Automated Knowledge Acquisition: An Application to Real-time Scheduling*

Recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have gained attention as a promising modeling tool for building intelligent systems. A number of applications have been reported in areas varying from pattern recognition to bankruptcy prediction. In this paper, we present a creative methodology that integrates computer simulation, semi-Markov optimization, and ANN techniques for automated knowledge acquisition in real-time scheduling. The integrated approach focuses on the synergy between operations research and ANN in eliciting human knowledge, filtering inconsistent data, and building competent models capable of performing at the expert level. The new approach includes three main components. First, computer simulation is used to collect expert decisions. This step allows expert knowledge to be obtained in a non-intrusive way and minimizes the difficulties involved in interviewing experts, constructing repertory grids, or using other similar structures required for manual knowledge acquisition. The data collected from computer simulation are then optimized using a semi-Markov decision model to remove data redundancies, inconsistencies, and errors. Finally, the optimized data are used to build ANN-based expert systems. The integrated approach is evaluated by comparing it with the human expert and using ANN alone in the domain of real-time scheduling. The results indicate that ANN-based systems perform worse than human experts from whom the data were collected, but the integrated approach outperforms human experts and ANN models alone.