行政合同法律性质之学理反思

长期以来,学术界对行政合同法律性质的认识众说纷纭、莫衷一是。归纳起来其分歧的焦点在于:行政合同是行政行为,还是行政管理形式?行政合同是单方行政行为,还是双方行为?行政合同是权力行政行为,还是非权力行政行为?行政合同是强权力行为,还是弱权力行为?行政合同是私法契约,还是公法契约?行政合同本身较为复杂,如果时其只在某一层面或者某个角度进行观察与分析,很难全面认识和把握其本质。为了全面、深入地揭示行政合同的法律性质,应当从不同的角度时之加以解析。基于此,行政合同的法律性质大致可以界定为:行政合同是行政主体与行政相时人之间的双方行为,是行政主体的特殊行政行为、弱权力行政行为、弱强制性行政行为和弹性行政方式。     

论法律继承

一个民族的存在必以其历史为基础。一个民族的法律只有与该民族的历史相沿承、与其本土资源相适应才能存活。法律现代化的口号喊得再高、再响,使法律与本土资源相适应终是其根本途径。在我国,法律移植轰轰烈烈地进行了近百年,结果并不尽如人意,最终还是不得不把目光投向对历史的继承上来。本文以重新探索法律现代化路径之选择,检讨法律移植之得失,审视历史沿续的不可避免为出发点,以社会的法律和社会的文化之一致融合为落脚点展开探讨。     

Legislative responses to wrongful conviction: Do partisan principals and advocacy efforts influence state-level criminal justice policy?

The number of discovered wrongful criminal convictions (and resulting exonerations) has increased over the past decade. These cases erode public confidence in the criminal justice system and trust in the rule of law. Many states have adopted laws that aim to reduce system errors but no study has examined why some states appear more willing to provide due process protections against wrongful convictions than others. Findings from regression estimates suggest that states with a Republican controlled legislature or more Republican voters are less likely to pass these laws while the presence of advocacy organizations that are part of the ‘innocence movement’ make legislative change more likely. We thus identify important differences in the political and social context between U.S. states that influence the adoption of criminal justice policies.     

Intention to Leave the Profession: Welfare Social Workers Compared to Health Care and Community Social Workers in Israel

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to compare specific work related-factors (personal factor: length of work experience; structural factors: personal subjection to violence and fear of being subjected to violence; and psychological factors: professional quality of life—compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue) between welfare social workers (SWs) (n = 200) and health care and community SWs (n = 173). Furthermore, since the issue of turnover among SWs has important implications for the provision and programming of social services, the study also aimed to assess the relationship between these factors and SW intention to leave the profession. For the purpose of this study, online questionnaires were distributed to SWs working at social agencies and services. The findings suggest that the two categories of SWs showed a similarity with regard to the association between the personal and structural factors and intention to leave the profession. However, with regard to the psychological factors, the components of professional quality of life were found to operate differently in each category of SWs. It is suggested that future research examine other work-related factors and explore the intention to leave the profession among other social work specializations and employment sectors.     

Unobtrusively Stretching Law: Legal Education,Activism, and Reclaiming Title IX

We often understate the work that activists put into crafting movement tools. This article examines the space between legal texts and movement resources in a study of early activism surrounding Title IX. Though often hailed as a feminist law, the Title IX statute and regulations lay out a narrow set of individual rights and incorporate several conservative principles. In an analysis of early social movement mobilization surrounding Title IX by the Connecticut Women's Educational and Legal Fund (CWEALF), we identify a distinctive legal framing technique tied to the often overlooked practice of lay legal education. In a legal education campaign that targeted schools, CWEALF placed Title IX's actual requirements alongside broader feminist ideas about gender socialization and civic responsibility to imply that the law mandated substantially greater reforms, a tactic we call unobtrusively stretching law. This article contributes to research on social movements and legal mobilization by illustrating how legal education can serve as part of the tool-making kit for social movements as they struggle to transform legislative compromises into movement resources.     

论聚众淫乱罪的刑事立法——以无被害人犯罪为研究视角

聚众淫乱罪属于无被害人犯罪的一种类型。我国刑法中聚众淫乱罪分为公然与秘密两种类型。从无被害人犯罪的角度,秘密的聚众淫乱行为入罪不具备法益侵害性、不符合刑法谦抑性、不符合社会需要和民意,应当除罪化。公然的聚众淫乱符合犯罪的本质,应当犯罪化。并且二人的公然淫乱也应当入罪。     

加强判决释理与我国法官职业保障体系的构筑

一个国家司法制度的状况,根本上取决于运行这一制度的人,尤其是法官,法官的专业水准和道德素养,在很大程度上决定了司法制度是否公正、有效地运作,决定了判决释理的水平。所以切实提高法官自身素养、加快法官制度改革,是我国现行司法改革的一个重要环节,也是提高裁判说服力和公信力的重要途径。     

网络空间个人信息保护的民事法律责任

网络空间个人信息权利保护日益受到重视,个人信息保护的义务及民事法律责任在学界却没有引起足够的关注。由于网络空间个人信息保护的特殊性,从本质上看是个人信息利用中的保护。个人信息保护的义务主体应进行类型化的研究,并赋予主体积极的义务。根据网络空间个人信息收集与利用情况的不同,网络空间个人信息保护的民事法律责任应当包括合同责任与侵权责任。网络空间个人信息侵权责任的归责原则是一个多元化的体系,便于信息主体的权利救济。结合我国法治建设的具体情况和信息产业的发展,网络空间个人信息保护宜采用综合立法的模式。     

Experiencing discrimination in Los Angeles: Latinos at the intersection of legal status and socioeconomic status

Despite its recent slowdown, immigration from Latin America continues to be a controversial issue. Some scholars argue that the social climate is increasingly inhospitable to Latinos, potentially fueling discriminatory attitudes and behaviors. However, little research has examined Latinos' experiences with discrimination, especially variation by nativity and legal status. We address this issue with research on perceived discrimination among Mexican and Central American residents of Los Angeles County, a major destination for Latin American immigrants. Using data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey and the American Community Survey, the analyses consider immigrants’ legal status, intersectionality, and competing perspectives on assimilation. The results show that undocumented immigrants do not report especially high levels of discrimination. Instead, young U.S.-born Latinos are the most likely to report mistreatment in interpersonal and institutional domains. Neighborhood ethnoracial and income diversity also have implications for perceived exposure to different types of discrimination.     

非法人团体的民事主体地位探讨

非法人团体能否成为民事主体的问题,历来是民法学理论界争论的焦点。本文试从民事主体制度历史演变的客观规律以及民事权利能力和民事主体之间的内在联系的角度出发,探讨非法人团体在民事主体制度中的法律地位。