Take‐Back Legislation: Consequences for Remanufacturing and Environment

In the last two decades, many countries have enacted product take‐back legislation that holds manufacturers responsible for the collection and environmentally sound treatment of end‐of‐use products. In an industry regulated by such legislation, we consider a manufacturer that also sells remanufactured products under its brand name. Using a stylized model, we consider three levels of legislation: no take‐back legislation, legislation with collection targets, and legislation with collection and reuse targets. We characterize the optimal solution for the manufacturer and analyze how various levels of legislation affect manufacturing, remanufacturing, and collection decisions. First, we explore whether legislation with only collection targets causes an increase in remanufacturing levels, which is argued to be an environmentally friendlier option for end‐of‐use treatment than other options such as recycling. While increased remanufacturing alone is usually perceived as a favorable environmental outcome, if one considers the overall environmental impact of new and remanufactured products, this might not be the case. To study this issue, we model the environmental impact of the product following a life cycle analysis–based approach. We characterize the conditions under which increased remanufacturing due to take‐back legislation causes an increase in total environmental impact. Finally, we model the impact of legislation on consumer surplus and manufacturer profits and identify when total welfare goes down because of legislation.     

中国银行业全面对外开放水平的基本判断与分析

正确测度、判断中国银行业的对外开放水平,是确保我国银行业乃至整个金融业在对外开放过程中发展、稳定与安全的前提和基础。为达此目的,本文首先给出了中国银行业对外开放的评价指标体系,在此基础上构建了能全面、准确衡量中国银行业对外开放水平的测度模型;借助于该模型,本文对中国银行业对外开放水平进行了测度与判断。研究结果表明:与自身相比,中国银行业的对外开放水平一直处于上升状态,且在入世过渡期间上升幅度迅速加大;而与成熟的美国银行业相比,中国银行业全面对外开放水平还不高,仍有较大差距。最后,基于本文对中国银行业全面对外开放水平的判断,提出了相应的对策建议。     

论我国政府采购监管立法的价值选择

政府采购监管立法的价值可以决定政府采购监管立法的效用、政府采购监管立法的利益归属、政府采购监管立法的发展方向,然而,这一根本问题尚未在我国政府采购监管立法中得到有效贯彻。只有在确立政府采购监管立法合理价值的条件下,才能科学构设政府采购监管立法合理价值的内容。     

《唐律疏议》中的“法”考辨

《唐律疏议》中的“法”出现频次极高、分布极广，绝大多数表达了与“法律”相关的含义。各篇“序疏”中的“法”指称较为广义的“法律”、较为抽象的“法”或特定法典及其篇目；律典条文中的“法”表述形式复杂，但整体特征清晰，皆有明确的规范指向，即指称律、令、格、式以及其他法律渊源中的具体规范。“罪法”“理法”“正法”等较为特殊的表述形式，仍与“法”表意的整体特征及具体用法一致。以“法”指称具体规范是立法或注律的常规模式，此种指称围绕“正刑定罪”展开，是传统法发现、论证具体规范不可或缺的技术手段。