试论中亚东干文学的研究价值

中亚东干文学的研究价值是多方面的，论文从独特的东干拼音文字、以中国西北方言为基础的东干语言、将中华文化与俄罗斯文化、伊斯兰文化融为一体的东干文化、民俗色彩、美学风格、作家文化身份等层面，论述了世界华语文学中东干文学独有的价值.     

THE DILEMMA OF CO-LEADERSHIP

No abstract available for this article.     

术语的暧昧:"问题意识"中的意识问题——论华文文学研究中常用宏大术语的适用度

在华文文学研究中,不仅要真诚呼唤新的"问题意识"和研究范式,而且也需要及时反思现存的研究范式的弊端/限制,扬长避短,从而发现并创制活力四射的崭新"问题意识".对术语的谨慎使用,包括回到原初语境,在实践中开拓其限度等都是必要的,尽管表面上看是初步的,恰恰是在此基础上,一旦它们发挥出应有的巨大威力,在其烛照下,新问题意识的浮现和研究范式的突出才可能水到渠成.     

A survey of DEA applications

The literature of data envelopment analysis (DEA) encompasses many surveys, yet all either emphasize methodologies or do not make a distinction between methodological and application papers. This study is the first literature survey that focuses on DEA applications, covering DEA papers published in journals indexed by the Web of Science database from 1978 through August 2010. The results show that on the whole around two-thirds (63.6%) of DEA papers embed empirical data, while the remaining one-third are purely-methodological. Purely-methodological articles dominated the first 20 years of DEA development, but the accumulated number of application-embedded papers caught up to purely-methodological papers in 1999. Among the multifaceted applications, the top-five industries addressed are: banking, health care, agriculture and farm, transportation, and education. The applications that have the highest growth momentum recently are energy and environment as well as finance. In addition to the basic statistics, we uncover the development trajectory in each application area through the main path analysis. An observation from these works suggests that the two-step contextual analysis and network DEA are the recent trends across applications and that the two-step contextual analysis is the prevailing approach.     

20世纪80年代中国少数民族文学的文化寻根

20世纪80年代,在解放思想、改革开放的社会历史背景下,中国少数民族作家被压抑的族群身份认同逐渐复苏,中国少数民族文学表现出对各族群文化的自觉追溯与探寻。这一文化寻根现象最初显现为文学表述空间由政治转向文化,后在寻根文学思潮影响下寻根意识与现代意识得以强化,又由于形式主义理论的影响,少数民族作家自觉探索艺术形式的创新。20世纪80年代少数民族文学文化寻根潮流的出现和发展极大地推进了中国少数民族文学走向成熟。     

New Literature’s Attack on and Inheritance of Traditional Culture

Although Chinese New Literature was strongly anti-traditional in expression, this does not sever the ties of blood that link it to traditional culture; and although it advocates a Western humanistic spirit, it does not install Western literature’s aesthetic values. Due to the cultural distinctiveness and historical continuity of the Chinese language, it was never possible for the New Literature to become totally “Westernized” and turn its back on the mother culture. Therefore, when examining the modern transition of Chinese literature as a whole, we must pay attention to its conscious inheritance of the national cultural tradition and to its operating strategy of attacking traditional culture by making use of it, instead of insisting on its inevitable ties with modern Western literature. The New Literature is after all “Chinese” new literature; no matter how many external factors intervene or are involved, they cannot change its cultural attributes or identification with national culture. This is the premier precondition for our understanding of the modernity of New Literature.     

新中国《专利法》诞生后最早发明专利申请的认定研究

对我国《专利法》诞生后最早提出专利申请的中国发明专利文献进行了研究,结果表明：我国《专利法》实施日（1985年4月1日）申请的专利是新中国《专利法》诞生后的“首日专利申请”,而非“最早专利申请”。最早的发明专利申请,当是申请人在《专利法》实施日之前,以邮寄专利申请文件的方式提出的,共计6件。按申请人国籍区分,包括国内申请3件,国外申请3件,其中国内最早的专利申请是在1985年1月13日,国外最早的专利申请是在1985年1月10日。这一认定研究对于我国现当代专利史、科技史研究具有重要的参考价值。     

Volunteer Behavior and Factors that Influence Volunteering Among Residents in Continuing Care Retirement Communities

The purpose of this survey was to explore volunteer preferences, perceived benefits and barriers, and the factors that influence volunteering among older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. This was a single group, one-time survey completed via a face-to-face interview. The sample included 127 older adults who were eligible and completed the survey. The majority were women (78%) and White (98%), with an average age of 88.0 (SD = 6.5) years. Engagement in volunteer activities ranged from 0 to 7, with a mean of .94 (SD = 1.30). Just under half (47%) of the participants were engaged in volunteer work, with the majority (87%) volunteering within the facility. Perceived benefits and barriers to volunteering were described. Chronic illness, age, time spent exercising, and resilience accounted for 25% of the variance in volunteer activity. Those who had fewer chronic illnesses, were younger, spent more time exercising, and were more resilient were more likely to volunteer. Findings from this study suggest that there are advantages to offering volunteer activities within senior living facilities. Ongoing study is needed to develop and implement successful facility-specific volunteer programs.     

Environmental Support for Outdoor Activities and Older People's Quality of Life

Abstract

The outdoor environment provides older people with opportunities to be active, have contact with nature and meet friends and neighbours. Research has shown that such outdoor activities have substantial benefits for older people's well-being. However, going outdoors is often difficult for them due to increasing frailty and environmental barriers. This study argues that a neighbourhood environment facilitating older people's outdoor activities has a positive effect on their well-being. Small-scale studies were conducted to explore the concept of “environmental support” for outdoor activities and its effect on people's Quality of Life (QOL). Two methods were employed to identify the degree of environmental support. One was based on the assessment of neighbourhood environments and the other focused on outdoor activities people undertake. Analysis found highly significant correlations between environmental support and participants' QOL in both measurements even after controlling for participants' functional capability. The results suggest that outdoor environments adjacent to where one resides play a significant role in older people's QOL.     

A Mandatory Student Health Insurance Program at a Large State University

Abstract

A new compulsory-with-waiver health insurance plan at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUN-YAB) was designed in 1976 after assessing available literature on students' insurance, morbidity, health care costs, attitudes, data from past SUNYAB insurance plans and health service statistics. Previous findings that the morbidity of this population is low is corroborated by the data available on the students considered within this project. Illnesses common to this age group are predominantly acute, and require a low rate of hospitalization. The new insurance program cost an unmarried single student $67.00 and was a success by several criteria. Approximately 5,000 more students were enrolled in the complusory plan than in the previous voluntary one. Among students interviewed, both those who enrolled and those who did not, felt that the idea of compulsory health insurance for students was a good idea. Virtually all full-time students in the university were covered by some health insurance.