老年人生活状况的城乡比较分析

本文利用 1996和 1997两年在厦门地区举行的城乡老年人日常生活及供养状况抽样调查资料 ,描述城区和农村两地老年人的背景特征 ,探讨老有所养、所医、所为和所乐等方面的城乡差别 ,在此基础上提出消除这些差别的几点对策。     

“The shock of widowhood”? Evidence from an Italian population (Parma, 1989–2000)

The purpose of our study is to assess the influence of socio-demographic factors on overall and cause-specific mortality of elderly people of Parma aged 65. In particular, the paper aims at exploring the relation between mortality and living arrangement in association with marital status. Data were obtained from the General Registry Office of Parma and from the death certificates issued by the Local Health District from 1989 to 2000. A logistic regression was performed using longitudinal data. In the male population, living alone and being never married appears to be the worst condition, while living with the wife repsresents a caring situation. In the female population, the major risk of death is associated to living with others than a spouse, while a reduced risk was detected for widows living alone. This was a common and shared result for both overall mortality and many of the causes of death here considered. The condition of widows and widowers living alone does not appear to constitute a particularly serious risk among the elderly population of Parma. Yet, in the female population the association between living alone and the status of widow seems playing a protective role. This result should be interpreted in the light of the social policy of services and support for the elderly pursued by local authorities.     

Choosing an electoral rule: Values and self-interest in the lab

We study the choice of multi-person bargaining protocols in the context of politics. In politics, citizens are increasingly involved in the design of democratic rules, for instance via referendums. If they support the rule that best serves their self-interest, the outcome inevitably advantages the largest group. In this paper, we challenge this pessimistic view with an original lab experiment, in which 252 subjects participated. In the first stage, these subjects experience elections under plurality and approval voting. In the second stage, they decide which rule they want to use for extra elections. We find that egalitarian values that subjects hold outside of the lab shape their choice of electoral rule in the second stage when a rule led to a fairer distribution of payoffs compared to the other one in the first stage. The implication is that people have consistent ‘value-driven preferences’ for decision rules.     

‘Born this Way’? Prenatal exposure to testosterone may determine behavior in competition and conflict

Fetal exposure to sex hormones can have long lasting effects on human behavior. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (DR) is considered a putative marker for prenatal exposure to testosterone (vs estrogens), with higher exposure resulting in lower DR. Even though testosterone is theoretically related to competition, the role of DR in human behavior is debated; and in situations such as bilateral conflict is unknown. We investigate this through a laboratory experiment using a repeated 2-person Tullock contest played in fixed same-gender pairs. Based on a previously obtained large sample of student subjects, we selectively invited participants to the laboratory if their right-hand DR was in the top (High-DR) or bottom (Low-DR) tercile for their gender. Unbeknownst to the subjects, we performed a controlled match of the DR types (Low-Low, Low-High, High-High). This novel methodology allows us to analyze the causal effect of DR on behavior for the first time in the literature. We find that Low-DR (vs High-DR) males compete more aggressively regardless of the counterpart’s type. For females’ conflict behavior, the counterpart’s type matters more than the decision-maker’s type: Low-DRs are non-significantly more aggressive but every-one is more aggressive against High-DRs. Limitations due to sample size are discussed.     

Reflections on the roles of governance and leadership in profit-for-purpose companies: A European–United States comparative perspective

The profit-for-purpose movement has gained traction worldwide, with companies designating the second mission dedicated to a social purpose legislatively or by becoming a certified B Corp. This study reflects on the governance structure and associated accountability enacted by legislation in three countries where national legislation exists – the United States, Italy, and France. It also discusses accountability stemming from the B Corp certification. Given the limitations in accountability deriving from a governance structure or the B Lab certification, the paper reflects on the importance of leadership for the successful management of profit-for-purpose ventures and provides exemplars. We conclude by reflecting on the future of profit-for-purpose companies considering the recent environmental, social, and governance (ESG) movement and directions for future research examining key issues for dual-purpose companies.     

Altruistic or expected leadership? Laboratory evidence on what motivates pro-social influence

We provide experimental evidence to assess whether pro-social leading is motivated by altruism or by a desire to conform with expectations. A sizable minority of individuals act more pro-socially when they can influence others. Whether or not an individual acts more pro-socially when she can influence others, she wants her actions made public only if it will increase others’ pro-sociality, which turns out to be a telltale sign of altruism. Despite some evidence that pro-social leading is partly driven by conformity, altruism wins the day.     

学前教育专业本科“活课程”设置初探——基于陈鹤琴“活教育”思想实践

在国家强调推动教师教育改革发展、提高师范类专业人才培养质量背景下，研究基于陈鹤琴“活教育”思想，凝练“发现小 孩、了解小孩，解放小孩、信仰小孩，变成小孩”的“学以成童”思想，并以此为指引，明确学前教育专业本科人才培养目标与毕业 要求，明确人才培养目标与毕业要求体系，构建指向“学以成童”的活课程体系，设计多元化的课程组织实施途径，探索构建课 程评价体系。 关键词：学前教育