组合Web服务中的数据一致性保持策略

在讨论Web服务基本框架、组合web服务模型概念及Web服务之间关系的基础上，结合分布式计算技术的相关理论，对组合Web服务中的数据一致性保持由强到弱进行了分类．为组合Web服务中最常见的顺序一致性保持提出解决策略，通过实例说明该策略的正确性．     

中小企业融资困难的成因分析与对策建议

中小企业在我国国民经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用,但当前融资难问题却严重制约着中小企业的发展。本文从分析中小企业的融资现状,进而对问题产生的外部环境、金融支持、中小企业自身问题等方面原因进行分析,最后就困难成因提出几点对策建议。     

刍由贸易与环境保护的关系探讨

自由贸易与环境保护关系复杂.贸易主义者认为自由贸易是推动经济增长、解决环境问题最好的方式,环境主义者认为自由贸易削弱环境保护、加剧环境破坏.笔者认为两者的关系既表现为规则和实践上的冲突,又体现为目标和理论上的一致.环境成本的外溢是冲突的根源,但人为的因素特别是各国利益上的政策分歧增加了冲突的复杂性.     

离心泵叶轮半圆形切割方法

针对现有的传统叶轮切割方法的不足,提出了一种叶轮特殊切割方法——半圆形叶轮切割方法,利用CFD数值 模拟的方法,对多工况不同尺寸半圆形切割方案下的泵模型开展相关研究。结果表明,这种半圆形的叶轮特殊切割方法 可以改善泵外特性曲线,消除驼峰,还可以显著地提升泵的扬程性能指标;半圆形切割方案的最佳切割直径d为叶轮出 口宽度h,的0.4倍;此外,通过对流场流动特性的分析得出,半圆形叶轮切割方法之所以有显著效果,是因为切割后叶轮 出口及蜗壳处的压力梯度和速度梯度较低,速度和压力分布要比模型泵内的分布更均匀,使得泵内混合冲击损失变小。     

减压冷藏系统的真空配置方法

针对目前实验研究中出现对真空预冷和减压冷藏2种技术的混淆,文中从真空预冷和减压贮藏的基本原理和运 行时系统负荷差异产生的根本原因上对2种技术予以区分。结合不同类型真空泵的使用特点和不足,对减压冷藏系统 的真空部分进行了详细的设计校核。本文提供的设计和校核方法可为减压冷藏装置真空系统的选型设计提供参考。     

Semiparametric Time Series Models with Log‐concave Innovations: Maximum Likelihood Estimation and its Consistency

We study semiparametric time series models with innovations following a log‐concave distribution. We propose a general maximum likelihood framework that allows us to estimate simultaneously the parameters of the model and the density of the innovations. This framework can be easily adapted to many well‐known models, including autoregressive moving average (ARMA), generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic (GARCH), and ARMA‐GARCH models. Furthermore, we show that the estimator under our new framework is consistent in both ARMA and ARMA‐GARCH settings. We demonstrate its finite sample performance via a thorough simulation study and apply it to model the daily log‐return of the FTSE 100 index.     

Estimation of a Copula when a Covariate Affects only Marginal Distributions

This paper is concerned with studying the dependence structure between two random variables Y₁ and Y₂ in the presence of a covariate X, which affects both marginal distributions but not the dependence structure. This is reflected in the property that the conditional copula of Y₁ and Y₂ given X, does not depend on the value of X. This latter independence often appears as a simplifying assumption in pair‐copula constructions. We introduce a general estimator for the copula in this specific setting and establish its consistency. Moreover, we consider some special cases, such as parametric or nonparametric location‐scale models for the effect of the covariate X on the marginals of Y₁ and Y₂ and show that in these cases, weak convergence of the estimator, at ‐rate, holds. The theoretical results are illustrated by simulations and a real data example.     

Robust recursive estimation in nonlinear time series

Aase (1983) has dealt with recursive estimation in nonlinear time series of autoregressive type including its asymptotic properties. This contribution modifies the results for the case of nonlinear time series with outliers using the principle of M-estimation from robust statistics. Strong consistency of the robust recursive estimates is preserved under corresponding assumptions. Several types of such estimates are compared by means of a numerical simulation.     

A Strongly Consistent Criterion to Decide Between I(1) and I(0) Processes Based on Different Convergence Rates

The usual procedure to determine whether a univariate time series is stationary or first-difference stationary is to perform some unit root test. In this article, an alternative methodology is presented that leads to a strongly consistent two-step criterion to estimate the number of unit roots. The criterion is based on estimating some autoregressive polynomials using regression procedures and exploiting the fact that the nonstationary roots converge at a faster rate than the stationary ones. The proposed procedure requires at most four regressions and is easy to implement. A simulation study demonstrates that it can perform significantly better in practice than the Dickey–Fuller and the generalized least squares (GLS)-detrended Dickey–Fuller tests.