师专地理教育专业《世界地理》课的改革与构想

根据国家教委《高等师范专科教育二年制教学方案》的精神,必须对现行《世界地理》的研究核心、知识体系、内容结构进行改革。本文从目前《世界地理》课的现状和存在的问题入手提出:加强学科理论研究,注重自然与人文的渗透;加强区域研究,突出代表性国家;加强分析问题、解决问题方法的研究,设立主辅教材,培养学生能力。并依此拟定了《世界地理》改革的具体框架。     

泛温室气体成因及对策分析

温室气体成因认知正在经历着由单一的高度经济活动成因向"泛温室气体成因"的转化,与此同时,《京都议定书》的二元机制也有向单一的减排机制转化的趋势。这两个趋势并行发展,对气候变化问题认知和对策路径提出了挑战。成因的多元化要求应对机制的多元化。实现的路径是以《联合国气候变化框架公约》为主导,在重视减排的同时,加强增汇机制的作用,并且应增加水循环改善这一新的机制要素,形成减排—增汇—治水的三元应对机制。减排的主要对象依然是发达国家,对于中国等碳汇潜力巨大、水循环影响力巨大的国家,则要通过生态保护建设增加碳汇,并加强水利建设改善水循环,加强和培育自然力碳循环和水循环对温室效应的修复功能。     

中美大学本科新生教育比较研究--以工程类专业为例

在2014年美国大学排名 Top100的大学中选取10所工程类专业表现突出的大学，介绍其工程类专业“新生年教育计划”的主要内容。比较中美两国大学工程类专业本科新生教育在教育理念、教育内容和实施有效性的差异，提出我国高校工程类专业新生教育应以学生为中心，增加服务理念，增强工程类专业特色，延长实施时间，并进行实施有效性评价，依据评价结果持续改进完善新生教育等建议。     

Applying national survey results for strategic planning and program improvement: The National Diabetes Education Program

Since the 1970s, the federal government has spearheaded major national education programs to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in the United States. These prevention and disease management programs communicate critical information to the public, those affected by the disease, and health care providers. The National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP), the leading federal program on diabetes sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), uses primary and secondary quantitative data and qualitative audience research to guide program planning and evaluation. Since 2006, the NDEP has filled the gaps in existing quantitative data sources by conducting its own population-based survey, the NDEP National Diabetes Survey (NNDS). The NNDS is conducted every 2–3 years and tracks changes in knowledge, attitudes and practice indicators in key target audiences. This article describes how the NDEP has used the NNDS as a key component of its evaluation framework and how it applies the survey results for strategic planning and program improvement. The NDEP's use of the NNDS illustrates how a program evaluation framework that includes periodic population-based surveys can serve as an evaluation model for similar national health education programs.     

The exclusion from welfare benefits: Resentment and survey attrition in a randomized controlled trial in Mexico

Public policy programs must often impose limits on who may be eligible for benefits. Despite research on the impact of exclusion in developed countries, there is little evidence on how people react to being excluded from benefits in developing societies. Utilizing repeated waves of data from an experimental evaluation of Mexico’s foundational PROGRESA antipoverty program, we examine the impact of exclusion and distinguish two separate forms. “Statistical exclusion” occurs where determination of benefits is based on randomized assignment to a treatment and control group. “Needs-based exclusion” occurs when benefits programs are designed to be selective rather than universal, basing eligibility on characteristics, like relative poverty, that are difficult to measure simply and accurately. Focusing on temporal variation in survey non-response as our behavioral outcome, we show that needs-based exclusion has much greater negative effects on continued participation than statistical exclusion. We also show that these effects are concentrated among the wealthy, that is, those furthest from the eligibility cut-off line. These findings reinforce general concerns about the validity of evaluation studies when incentives are at work. We discuss both the behavioral explanations that might underlie these findings as well as some potential approaches to reduce threats to evaluation validity.     

Providing context to the implementation of health promoting schools: A case study

PurposeIssues related to program context are important components of population health interventions and particularly among complex, adaptive initiatives in schools. Health Promoting Schools (HPS) is a global approach to support early development of healthy behaviors among children and youth. The purpose of this study was to explicate the practical and contextual processes that influenced implementation of HPS in schools in Nova Scotia (Canada).MethodsUsing a case-study approach, data was collected using interviews (n = 14) with principals, teachers and parents, observations collected during school visits and document review in five diverse schools.ResultsCase study schools reported a variety of HPS practices and three key themes emerged that provided context to the processes that facilitated their implementation. The results suggest that although school characteristics (theme 1), like staff allocation, physical location and resources, are important, these barriers can be mitigated by building organizational capacity (theme 2) and establishing a supportive school community culture (theme 3).ConclusionsThe study provided insight to the variability in implementation by describing how contextual barriers were experienced and mitigated by schools. Establishing a broad system to support HPS, with collaboration across health and education sectors, could help to progress adoption, implementation and sustainability of HPS.     

And then the internet happened: Thoughts on the future of concept mapping

Over 25 years ago, in the late twentieth century, concept mapping emerged as a mixed method approach to inquiry that enables a group of people to conceptualize their thinking about a specific topic. Since then, the application of concept mapping has spread widely and an easy prediction for the future is that this trend is likely to continue; a more important and greater challenge is to think about the ways in which concept mapping may and should evolve. Discussed here are thoughts about the future of concept mapping including some predictions of likely directions and suggestions for new possibilities. Thoughts on the future are grounded in concept mapping applications that have emerged and gained ground in recent years; these include exploring wicked problems in communities and integrating concept mapping with other methods of inquiry. Thoughts on the future are also grounded in the social and cultural milieu in which we find ourselves at this time. The influence of social media and internet technologies has led to the emergence peer production and crowdsourcing as approaches to co-create information, knowledge, products and services. These tactics may create fertile ground for the further spread of concept mapping. This same collaborative milieu has produced the open software movement which in turn, offers opportunities to enhancing the methodology of concept mapping.     

Perspectives on the strategic uses of concept mapping to address public health challenges

We examine the adaptation of approaches used to plan and implement the steps of concept mapping to meet specialized needs and requirements in several public health projects. Seven published concept mapping projects are detailed to document how each of the phases were modified to meet the specific aims of each project. Concept mapping was found to be a useful tool to complement public health roles such as assessment, program development, and priority setting. The phases of concept mapping allow for a blending of diverse perspectives, which is critical to public health efforts. The adaptability of concept mapping permits the use of multiple modalities such as the addition of face-to-face brainstorming; use of qualitative methods, including structured interviews; and review and use of published literature and guidelines. Another positive aspect of concept mapping for public health practice is its ability to identify program elements, provide a visual map of generated ideas and their relationships to one another, and assist in identifying priorities. Our reflections on the adaptability should help inform another generation in designing concept mapping projects and related products that may benefit from unique adaptations and the rapidly expanding social media technology and platforms.     

基于项目群管理的政府投资项目信息管理系统的构建研究

我国政府投资项目集中管理模式的出现,将原来由各建设单位分散建设管理的项目转变为由政府建设管理部门集中管理。这种大规模和集成化的建设管理模式相应地使更为强大的信息管理和信息沟通系统的出现就成为了必然的需要。近年来出现的项目群管理理论是项目管理理论的重大突破,为项目信息管理和优化提供了切实可行的指导思路。研究表明,深圳市建筑工务署通过分析项目群信息系统构建要求、分层次管理和沟通要求后建立的项目群管理信息管理和信息沟通系统,实现了项目群管理的优化。