交互记忆跨越知识边界对软件外包项目绩效作用研究

文章从知识整合角度出发,引入知识边界理论,对交互记忆系统（TMS）是否通过跨越知识边界对项目绩效产生影响进行实证研究。基于大连软件园26家软件外包承接企业中的105个软件外包团队的调查问卷数据,运用结构方程模型方法发现：对于软件外包承接方而言,交互记忆系统能够有效地实现知识边界的跨越;无论是哪种层面的知识边界,交互记忆系统都能够有效地跨越知识边界,并最终由语用边界对项目绩效产生正向的影响作用,有效地解释了交互记忆系统是通过何种方式来促进项目绩效,促进知识的有效整合,进而提高项目绩效的问题。     

Outsourcing to a Powerful Contract Manufacturer: The Effect of Learning‐by‐Doing

The contract manufacturing industry has grown rapidly in recent years as firms have increasingly outsourced production to reduce costs. This growth has created powerful contract manufacturers (CMs) in several industries. Achieving a competitive cost position is often a primary motive for outsourcing. Outsourcing influences both the original equipment manufacturer's (OEM) and the CM's production levels, and, therefore, through learning‐by‐doing renders future costs dependent on past outsourcing decisions. As such, outsourcing should not be viewed as a static decision that, once made, is not revisited. We address these considerations by analyzing a two‐period game between an OEM and a powerful CM wherein both firms can reduce their production costs through learning‐by‐doing. We find that partial outsourcing, wherein the OEM simultaneously outsources and produces in‐house, can be an optimal strategy. Also, we find that the OEM's outsourcing strategy may be dynamic—i.e., change from period to period. In addition, we find both that the OEM may engage in production for leverage (i.e., produce internally when at a cost disadvantage) and that the CM may engage in low balling. These and other findings in this paper demonstrate the importance of considering learning, the power of the CM, and future periods when making outsourcing decisions.     

生产环节外包能否助力中国粮食安全？——来自粮食主产区的证据

在中国大力扶持和推进生产环节外包服务业发展的现实背景下,系统评估生产环节外包对中国粮食安全的影响具有重要的现实意义。聚焦粮食安全数量目标与环境目标两个维度,从农户是否参与外包、农户的外包横向参与度与农户的外包纵深参与度三个层面,理论剖析生产环节外包影响中国粮食安全的逻辑机理,并使用中国粮食主产区1211户农户的抽样调查数据和CMP方法进行实证检验。研究发现：①从三大主粮的总体估计来看,生产环节外包有助于中国粮食安全数量目标的实现,但不利于中国粮食安全环境目标的达成。在解决潜在的内生性问题后,这一结论依然成立;②从玉米、小麦和水稻的分样本估计来看,生产环节外包对中国粮食安全的多维影响在玉米和水稻生产中仍较为稳健,但对小麦的增产效果并不明显;从黑龙江、河南和湖南的分样本估计来看,生产环节外包对中国粮食安全的多维影响在三大粮食主产省均较为稳健。目前,从服务视角破解资源环境约束与农户行为约束暂未成为解决中国粮食安全环境问题的有效途径,仍需进一步推动生产环节外包服务市场的发育与完善,鼓励并引导外包供给主体的绿色生产导向。     

Understanding cultural singularities of ‘Indianness’ in an intercultural business setting

Analysing data from the Indian information technology (IT) industry, this paper advances an understanding of cultural singularities of ‘Indianness’. The research context of an intercultural meeting place of IT and business process outsourcing firms’ overseas subsidiaries, Belgium in this case, allows the authors to identify 10 cultural singularities that typify ‘Indianness’. This ethnographic, reflexive study is further validated by employing Ghoshal's ‘smell of the place’ metaphor through the authors collective experiences as consultants and researchers, and builds and extends upon the popular cultural dimension frameworks for understanding intercultural business and management. Existing cultural dimensions do not sufficiently describe the contemporary intercultural dynamics that typically take place in workplaces, especially so in offshore and outsourcing environments. A provisional set of parameters for understanding Indian culture, with its relevant impact on business life (customs and manners), business processes and business deliverables are proposed in this study.     

粮食种植户生产环节外包选择行为分析

在构建粮食种植户生产环节外包选择行为理论框架的基础上,运用河南和山西两省小麦主产区2015年631户小麦种植户的第一手调查数据,采用Ivprobit模型分析验证资本密集环节和劳动密集环节的外包行为影响因素,以及资本要素与劳动要素的内部影响关系。研究得出：粮食种植仍以小规模农户为主。资本密集环节外包的比例较高,尤其是机械替代性较强的耕地、播种和收割环节。劳动密集环节外包的比例较低。资本要素对粮食生产的纵向分工和规模化种植有重要的影响。劳动要素对种植户劳动力的非农转移和种植业的兼业化生产具有重要的影响。依据研究结论提出以下建议：鼓励农业社会化服务体系的建设,满足多种农业生产主体的不同需求。鼓励外包服务主体对烘干设施的购置,建设有效外包服务的供需市场。鼓励劳动力从农业向非农业的转移,同时提高专业种植户的农业生产技能。     

An analysis of vendor innovation capability in the contract electronics manufacturing industry

Limited academic research has been given to analysing the innovation capabilities of vendors in outsourcing contracts. This paper seeks to address this gap in the literature by enhancing our understanding of how the innovation capability of vendors is deployed to win, run and renew outsourcing contracts with their customers. Employing the resource-based view as a theoretical basis and undertaking in-depth case study analysis of three vendors in the electronic manufacturing services industry, the research shows that to achieve the outsourcing objectives of winning, running and renewing the contract, vendors can use different configurations of the competitive priorities of cost, quality, delivery and flexibility. The research aggregates the capabilities that influence the innovative capability of a vendor into the innovation-related capabilities (IRCs) of design, new product introduction and manufacturing. Three strategies are identified for vendors on how to deploy these IRCs, and a number of propositions are developed to indicate the suitability of the three deployment strategies for different operational contexts.     

图书馆采编业务外包策略摭谈

文章深入研究了我国图书馆采编业务外包策略,即,把好外包书商选择关;科学制定合同,明确双方责任;建立良好的沟通机制;加强验收,严把质量关;对外包书商进行实时管理与监督。     

IT外包中企业绩效的影响因素实证研究

在已有文献的基础上,识别了关系治理的三个维度：良好冲突处理、相互依赖和关系规范,并从关系治理角度出发,构建了IT外包企业绩效影响因素的概念模型。通过对北京、上海和西安三地20多家外包企业进行问卷调查,利用结构方程模型进行实证分析。实证结果表明：信任、承诺和知识共享对企业绩效有显著的正向影响,其中信任和承诺对企业绩效的影响既有直接的影响又有间接的影响,知识共享对企业绩效有直接的影响;信任、承诺和知识共享具有很强的中介作用,良好冲突处理和相互依赖以信任、承诺和知识共享为中间变量间接影响企业绩效,关系规范以承诺和知识共享为中间变量间接影响企业绩效。     

Technology Spillovers in the Multinational Outsourcing System and Technological Innovation in Recipient Countries

跨国外包并不像FDI或国际贸易通过单一路径发生技术溢出,而是通过进口溢出、出口溢出和纯知识溢出等多条路径共同作用。基于知识生产函数方法建立国际R＆D溢出回归方程,分别检验跨国外包的各种技术溢出渠道对我国制造业技术创新的影响。研究发现,在跨国外包的三条技术溢出渠道中仅有进口溢出效应是显著的,并且存在较大的行业差异：高技术行业在低位点上显著,中等技术行业和低技术行业在中高位点处显著。实证结果说明了我国当地企业难以通过“出口中学习”、“交流中学习”实现技术创新。     

Matching Product Architecture and Supply Chain Configuration

In this paper, we examine the suggested link between product architecture (i.e., the extent to which a product is modular vs. integral) and supply chain configuration (i.e., whether the product development is done internally by the manufacturer in an integrated supply chain or in collaboration with a supplier in a decentralized supply chain). Our model suggests that the choice of product architecture depends on firm, market, and product characteristics in addition to supply chain structure. In contrast to other studies, we find that the optimal mapping from architecture to supply chain structure is not always one‐to‐one. A decentralized supply chain may be associated with a more integral product when the technical collaboration penalty is not excessive and suppliers have significantly superior product development capabilities. Furthermore, in a decentralized supply chain, the nature of the relationship between the original equipment manufacturer and its supplier (adversarial or collaborative) plays a role in the choice of product architecture: modular architectures are more likely when the parties have adversarial relationships, while long‐term trust‐based relationships facilitate more integral product architectures.